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The EC Directive on the Protection of workers from risks related to exposure to biological agents at work ((90/679/EEC) defines biological agents as, inter alia, microorganisms and endoparasites. This bibliography includes references to those microorganisms and endoparasites that are capable of causing disease in workers, or of posing a hazard to their health. It does not include those associated with cell cultures.
Most of references relate to laboratory-associated infections, as other occupation-associated infections aroused little interest until the EC Directive was implemented.
A brief summary statement of each agent is given, as well as its risk or hazard group as defined in the Directive, for which there are appropriate Containment Levels.
To avoid problems with differing databases the bibliography is designed to be consulted on a word-processing "search string" basis for the scientific name of the agent and/or the name of the disease concerned. This also allows further entries to be made.
The agents are grouped under the following headings:
A source bibliography of books and official publications, issued since 1980 and related to occupational diseases of microbial aetiology is appended.
C H Collins August 1999
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Page last last modified: 09. August 1999 by Otto
Doblhoff-Dier
Bacillus anthracis
Agent summary: Aerobic Gram-positive spore-bearing bacillus. World wide. Anthrax, pulmonary or cutaneous. Zoonosis: cattle, sheep, wild animals, inhalation of or contact with spores from hairs, hides, wool and cultures. Vaccine. HAZARD GROUP 3 UK; 2 USA.
ELLINGSON HV, KADULL PJ, BOOKWALTER HL et al. 1946 Cutaneous anthrax: report of twenty-five cases. J Amer Med Assoc 131: 1172-1175
ELLIN LUBARSCH O 1931 Ein bewegtes Gelehrtenleben. Berlin, Springer
KRUG ES, GLENN HR 1953 Case report of anthrax acquired in a college research laboratory. Journal-Lancet, Minneapolis 73: 506-508
MESOLSON M, GUILLEMIN, J, HUGH-JONES M et al. 1994 The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979. Science 266; 1202-1208
POPOV NV 1914 Laboratory acquired anthrax. Russ Vrach 13: 848–849
SHANAHAN RH, GRIFFIN JR, VON AUERSBERG AP 1947 Anthrax meningitis. Report of a case of internal anthrax with recovery. Am J Clin Path 17: 719-722
SOLTYS MA 1948 Anthrax in a laboratory worker with observations on the possible source of infection. J Path Bact 60: 253–257
Bordetella pertussis
Agent summary: Aerobic Gram-negative non-sporing bacillus. Whooping cough (pertussis). World wide. Airborne. Vaccine. HAZARD GROUP 2
MCKINNEY RW, WASSERMAN B, CARPENTER M et al. 1985 Possible laboratory-acquired Bordetella pertussis infections. XXVIII Biological Safety Conference, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California HAZARD GROUP
Borrelia spp.
Agent summary: Spirochaetes. Relapsing fever. Temperate areas. B. recurrentis, louse-borne, human to human. Africa. Zoonosis: pigs, B. duttoni, ticks.HAZARD GROUP 2
ALEXANDROFF K 1927 A case of laboratory infection with recurrent typhus (relapsing fever). Vach Gaz 31: 765–767
GRUNKE, W. (1933). Infektion als Berufskrankheit. Zeitschrift für arztliche Fortbildung 30: 453-457.
IVANOWA DA 1928 Ein Fall van Laboratoriumsinfektion mit Ruckfallfieber durch die Conjunctivae. Klin Wschr 7: 1742–1743
NAMIKAWA H (1929). Uber zwei falle von accidenteller Recurrensinfection im Laboratorium, und Veründerung der Virulenz durch Menschen-Passage. Taiwan Igakkai Zasshi 297: 65.
Brucella spp.
Agent summary: Aerobic (some capnophilic) Gram-negative
non-sporing bacilli. World wide. Undulant, Mediterranean fevers.
Zoonosis: cattle, goats etc. B. abortus, B. melitensis B.
suis. Contact with animals, especially birth fluids, also with
vaccine (S19, available for cattle only).HAZARD GROUP 3
ALASKA AK, CHAGLA AH 1989 Laboratory acquired brucellosis. J Hosp Infect Control 14: 69–71
AMOSS HL 1931 Localisation of Brucella. Int Clin 4: 93–98
ANON 1945 Strain of Brucella abortus used for vaccination of calves: pathogenic for man. Ann Rep Albany NY Dep Hlth Div Lab Res
ANON 1969 Annual Brucellosis Summary. CDC Atlanta
ARLOING S, COURMONT, P, GATE J 1910 Un cas de fièvre de Malta: contagion de laboratoire. Prov Med 21: 533
BARDENWERPER HW 1952 Human sickness caused by the Brucella abortus strain 19. J Amer Med Assoc 155: 970–971
BATCHELOR BI, BRINDLE RJ, GILKS GF 1992 Biochemical mis-identification of Brucella melitensis and subsequent laboratory-acquired infection. J Hosp Infect 22: 159-162
BIRT C, LAMB C 1899 Mediterranean or Malta fever. Lancet 1: 701-710
BISCAY VM, CARBONNELL AF 1951 Estudios de brucellosis; auto- description dos casos HAZARD GROUPde infecion de laboratorio. Rev Med Cubana 62: 151–161
BRETON I et al. 1995 Laboratory-acquired brucellosis. Med Mal Infect 25: 549-551
BURKE–GAFFNEY HJO 1934 A human case of abortus fever due to laboratory infection. East Afr Med J 12: 235–244
BURNET E 1925 Aperçu des aquisitions rècentes sur la fièvre méditerranéene. Bull Inst Pasteur 23: 369-382
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES SURVEILLANCE CENTRE 1991 Brucella melitensis; laboratory acquired infection. Comm Dis Rep 1: 37
DALRYMPLE-CHAMPNEYS W 1960 Brucella Infections and Undulant Fever in Man. London: Oxford University Press
EVANS AC 1947 Brucellosis in the United States. Am J Pub Hlth 37: 139–151
JOFFE B, DIAMOND MT 1966 Brucellosis due to [accidental] self inoculation. Ann Intern Med 65: 564-565
GEORGIOU, P.R. & YOUNG, E.J. (1991). Prolonged incubation in brucellosis. Lancet 337: 1543.
GILBERT R, COLMAN M 1928 Recent case of undulant fever in New York State. J Infect Dis 65: 475-487
GILMAN SH 1944 Undulant fever caused by Brucella abortus strain 19. Cornell Vet 34: 193–194
GOPAUL DL et al. 1986 Accidental infection by Brucella abortus. Can J Med Tech 48: 36–38
GRAMMONT-CUPILLARD, M, BERTHET-BADETTI, L et al. 1996 Brucellosis from sniffing cultures. Lancet 348: 1733-1734.
GREEN HN 1941 Laboratory infection with Brucella abortus. Br Med J 1: 478–479
GREEN TW 1951 Reinfection brucellosis: a report of two cases. Arch Int Med 35: 717–721
GRUNER E 1994 Brucellosis – an occupational hazards for medical laboratory personnel – report of five cases. Bernasconeinfection 22: 33–36
HARDY AV, HUDSON MG, JORDAN CG 1929 The skin as a portal of entry in Brucella melitensis infections. J Infect Dis 45: 271–282
HERNANDES-MORALES F 1946 Brucellosis: A review of clinical manifestations, with presentation of twelve cases occurring in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico J Pub Hlth 22: 3-24
HOWE C, MILLER ES, KELLY EH et al. 1947 Acute brucellosis among laboratory workers. New Eng J Med 236: 741–747
HUDDLESON IF, MUNGER M 1940 A study of an epidemic of brucellosis due to Brucella melitensis. Am J Pub Hlth 3: 944–954
HUMPHREYS FA, GUEST WA 1932 Undulant fever contracted in the laboratory. Canad Med Assoc J 27: 616-619
JOFFE B, DIAMOND MT 1966 Brucellosis due to self inoculation. Ann Intern Med 65: 564
JOIRIS E 1950 Infection de laboratoire à Brucella abortus. Acta Clin Belg 5: 277-278
LUZZI GA, BRINDLE R, SOCKET, PN et al. 1993 Brucellosis: imported and laboratory-acquired cases, and an overview of treatment trials. Transactions of the Royal Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87: 138-141.
MERGER, C 1957 Hazards associated with the handling of pathogenic bacteria, Canadian Journal of Medical Technology 18: 122-125.
MOSS WL, CASTENADA M 1928 Malta fever: a laboratory infection in the human. Trans Ass Amer Phys 43: 272-284
MCCULLOCH NB 1963 Medical care following accidental injection of Brucella abortus strain 19 in man. J Amer Med Assoc 143: 617–618
MARTIN–MAZUELAOS E et al. 1994 Outbreak of Brucella melitensis among microbiology aboratory workers. J Clin Microbiol 32: 2035–2036
MEYER KF 1943 Observations on the pathogenesis of undulant fever. J Amer Med Assoc 65: 579-585
MEYER KF, EDDIE B 1941 Laboratory infections due to brucella. J Inf Dis 68: 24–32
MEYER KF, GEIGER JC 1935 The increasing importance of brucellosis as an occupational hazard. J Am Vet Ass 86: 280–28
MONTES J et al. 1988 Laboratory–acquired meningitis caused by Brucella abortus strain 19 infection in a human. Trans Assoc Am Phys 43: 272–282
NEWITT AW, KOPPA M, GUDAKUNST DW 1938 Water-borne outbreak of Brucella melitensis infection. Am J Pub Hlth 29: 738-743
NICOLLE C 1906 Une observation de fièvre Méditérranée par contamination de laboratoire. Arch Inst Pasteur Tunisie 1: 155–158
O’BRIEN PJ 1962 A naturally occurring and a laboratory acquired case of brucellosis. Med J Aust 2: 377–378
OLLE–OIG JE, CANELA–SOLER J 1987 An outbreak of Brucella melitensis infection by airborne transmission among laboratory workers. Am J Pub Hlth 77: 335–338
PIVNICK H, WORTON H, SMITH DLT et al. 1966 Infection of veterinarians in Ontario by Brucella abortus strain 19. Can J Pub Hlth 18: 32-36
REUBEN, B, BAND, JD, WONG, P et al. 1991 Person to person transmission of Brucella melitensis. Lancet 337: 14-15.
REVICH SJ, WALKER AW, PIVNICK H 1961 Human infection by Brucella abortus strain 19. Can J Pub Hlth 52: 285–289
SADUSK JF, BROWNE AS, BORN JL 1957 Brucellosis in man resulting from Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine. J Amer Med Assoc 164: 1325–1328
SMITH JA, SKIDMORE AS, ANDERSON R 1980 Brucellosis in a laboratory technologist. Can Med Assoc J 122: 1231–1232
SPINK WW 1946 Human brucellosis. Proc US Livestock San Assoc 50: 274–286
SPINK WW 1956 The Nature of Brucellosis. Minnesota: Univ of Minnesota Press
SPINK WW 1957 The significance of hypersensitivity in human brucellosis. Studies on infection due to strain 19. Ann Intern Med 47: 861–874
SPINK WW, THOMPSON H 1953 Human brucellosis caused by Brucella abortus strain 19. J HAZARD GROUPAmer Med Assoc 153: 1162–1165
STASKIEWICZ J, LEWIS CM, COLVILLE J et al. 1991 Outbreak of Brucella melitensis among microbiology laboratory workers in a community hospital. J Clin Microbiol 29: 287–290
TREVER RW, CLUFF LE, PEELER RN et al. 1959 Brucellosis: laboratory acquired acute infections. Arch Intern Med 103: 381
T’UNG T, ZIA SH 1936 Undulant fever among laboratory workers; report of three cases with laboratory study. Chinese Med J 50: 1203–1210
VESLEY AK, CHAGLA AH 1989 Laboratory acquired brucellosis. J Hyg Infect Control 14: 69-71
ZERVOS, M, BOSTIC, G 1997 Exposure to brucella in the laboratory. Lancet 349: 651. HAZARD GROUP
Campylobacter spp.
Agent summary: C. pylori, C. jejuni. Aerobic Gram-negative curved bacilli. Gastroenteritis. World wide. Food-borne. HAZARD GROUP 2
JENNIS F, MAZO A 1971 A human case of bacteraemia due to Vibrio fetus. Pathology 3: 263-265
OATES JD, HODGKIN UG 1981 Laboratory acquired campylobacter enteritis. South Med J 74: 83
PENNER JL, HENNESSEY JN, MILLS SD et al. 1983 Application of serotyping and chromosomal endorestriction digest analysis in investigating a laboratory-acquired case of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. J Clin Microbiol 18; 1427-1428
WARD BQ 1948 The apparent involvement of Vibrio fetus in an infection in man. J Bact 55: 113-114
Clostridium botulinum
Agent summary. Anaerobic Gram-positive spore-bearing bacillus. Botulism. World wide. Soil. Ingestion of toxin in foods. Human vaccine.HAZARD GROUP 2
HOLZER E 1962 Botulism caused by inhalation. Med Klin 41: 1735-1740
Clostridium difficile
Agent summary: Anaerobic Gram-positive spore-bearing bacillus. Pseudomembranous colitis. World wide. HAZARD GROUP 2
DELMEE M 1989 Clostridium difficile infection in health care workers. Lancet 8671: 16155 HAZARD GROUP
Clostridium tetani
Agent summary: Anaerobic Gram-positive spore-bearing bacillus. Tetanus. World wide. Soil. Infection of wounds by spores. Vaccine (toxoid).HAZARD GROUP 2
KUCHARSKI JK, SZUSZKO B, MARDARWICZ C 1960 A case of laboratory tetanus. Pol tyg lek 15: 263-265
NICHOLAS J 1893 Sur un cas de tetanos chez l’homme par inoculation accidentelle des produits soluble du bacilli de Nicolaier. CR Acad Sci Paris 9: 844–846
SCHEIDT R 1939 Tetanus–intoxication bei fehlen Tetanusbazillen. Munch Med Wschr 86: 959–960
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Agent summary: Aerobic Gram-positive non-sporing bacillus. Diphtheria; primary infection usually localised in URT but occupation-acquired infection may be cutaneous. Vaccine (toxoid). HAZARD GROUP 2
BALDWIN AH, McCALLUM F, DOULL JA 1923 A case of pharyngeal diphtheria probably due to autoinfection from a diphtheritic lesion on the thumb. J Amer Med Assoc 80: 1375
CHIN, J 1998 Throat infection with toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae. CDR 8: 7
HAMMERSCHMIDT J 1924 Accidental infection with diphtheria. Munch Med Wschr 71: 1755
MALLORY D 1913 In The Bacteriology of Diphtheria, p.120 Eds Nuttall GH & Graham Smith GS. Cambridge Univer Press
RIESMAN D 1898 Two cases of diphtheria, one a laboratory infection and one in an infant eleven days old. Philadelphia Med J 1: 423–426
SPRAY RS 1927 Diphtheria: a case of laboratory infection. J Amer Med Assoc 89: 112
TAYLOR RE 1927 A case of diphtheria probably acquired in the laboratory. J Amer Med Assoc 88: 1967
WICHT JF 1969 Unusual case of infection with Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Br Med J 2: 1082–1083
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Agent summary: Aerobic Gram-positive bacillus. Erysipeloid. World wide. Zoonosis: animals, fish (usually), contact. HAZARD GROUP 2
AJMAL M 1969 A laboratory infection with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Vet Rec 85: 688
GROSS HT 1940 Erysipeloid. A report of thirteen cases among veterinary students at Kansas State College. J Kansas Med Soc 41: 329–323
SNEATH PHA, ABBOT JD, CUNLIFFE AC 1961 The bacteriology of erysipeloid. Br Med J HAZARD GROUP2: 1063–1066
GORBEY GL, PEACOCK JE 1988 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae endocarditis: microbiologic, epidemiologic and clinical features of an occupational disease. Rev Infect Dis 10: 317-325.
PRICE, JEL, BENNETT, WEJ 1951 The erysipeloid of Rosenbach. Br Med J 2: 1061-1062.
Escherichia coli
Aerobic Gram-negative non-sporing bacilli. Some serotypes are agents of gastro-enteritis. Normally food borne. HAZARD GROUP 2
BOOTH L, ROWE B. 1993 Possible occupational acquisition of Escherichia coli 0157. Lancet 342: 1298–1299
BURNENS AP, BINDEN R, KAEMPF L. et al. 1993 A case of laboratory-acquired infection with Escherichia coli 0157:H7. Zbl Bakt 279: 512-517.
CIESLAK PR, BARRETT TJ, GRIFFIN PL et al. 1993 Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection from a manured garden. Lancet 342: 367
COIA JE 1998 Nosocomial and laboratory-acquired infection with Escherichia coli O157. J Hosp Infect 40: 107-113
GOPAL RAO G, SAUNDERS BP, MASTERTON RG. 1996 Laboratory acquired verotoxin producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) infection. J Hosp Infect 33: 228-229
PARRY SH et al. 1981 Urinary tract infection due to laboratory–acquired Escherichia coli: relation to virulence. Br Med J 282: 949–950
PHILLIPS G, OLD DC 1997 Laboratory-acquired VTEC infection. J Hosp Infect
35: 72
Francisella tularensis
Aerobic Gram-negative non-sporing bacillus. Tularaemia. North America, Scandinavia. Zoonosis: rodents, other small mammals, ticks but also contact. Vaccine (restricted use).HAZARD GROUP 3
CARR EA, KADULL PJ 1957 Persistence of Bacterium tularense in man in the absence of serious illness. Arch Path 64: 382-384
CHARKES ND 1959 Haemagglutination test in tularaemia; results in 56 vaccinated persons with laboratory acquired infection. J Immun 83: 313–220
COOPER HR 1948 Tularaemia: report of a case. US Navy Med Bull 48: 102–107
DIETER LV 1926 A case of tularaemia in the laboratory. Pub Hlth Rep 41: 1355–1 357
FRANCIS E 1922 Tulaemia Francis 1921. A new disease of man. Hyg Lab Bull No 130.
FRANCIS E 1925 Tularaemia. J Amer Med Assoc 84: 1243-1250
FRANCIS E 1936 Immunity in tularaemia. Pub Hlth Rep 51: 394–398
FRANCIS E 1937 Sources of infection and seasonal incidence of tularaemia in man. Pub Hlth Rep 52: 103–113
GREEN TW, EIGESLBACH HT 1950 Immunity in tularaemia: report of two cases of proven infection. Arch Intern Med 85: 777–782
JOHNSON HN 1944 Isolation of Bacterium tularense from the sputum of an atypical case of tularaemia. J Lab Clin Med 29: 903-905
KADULL PJ, REAMES HR, CORIELL LL, FOSHAY L 1950 Studies on tularaemia. J Immunol 65: 425-435
LAKE GC, FRANCIS E 1922 Tularaemia Francis 1921. Six cases of tularaemia occurring in laboratory workers. Pub Hlth Rep 37: 392-413
LEDINGHAM JCG, FRAZER FR 1924 Tularaemia in man from laboratory infections. Quart J Med 17: 365-383
McCOY GW, CHAPMAN CW 1912 Studies of plague, a plague-like disease and tuberculosis among rodents in California, Public Health Bulletin No. 53.
OVERHOLT EL, TIGGERT WD, KADULL, PJ, WARD MK, CHARKES ND 1961 Analysis of forty two cases of laboratory–acquired tularaemia. Am J Med 30: 785–806
PARKER RR, SPENCER R 1926 Six additional caes of laboratory infection with tularaemia in man. Pub Hlth Rep 41: 1341–1354
RINGERTZ O, DAHLSTRAND S 1968 Cultures of Pasteurella tularensis in the 1966–1967 outbreak of tularaemia in Sweden. Laboratory methods and precautions against laboratory infection. Acta Path Microbiol Scand 72: 464–465
SIMPSON WM 1929 Tularaemia: History, Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment. New York: Hobner
VAN METRE TE, KADULL PJ 1959 Laboratory–acquired tularaemia in vaccinated individuals: a report of 62 cases. Ann Intern Med 50: 621–632
WHERRY WB, LAMB BH 19.. Infection of man with Bacterium tularense. J Infect Dis 15: 331-340
WEILBACHER JO, MOSS ES 1938 Tularaemia following injury while performing post-mortem examination on a human case. J Lab Clin Med 24: 34-38
Haemophilus ducreyi
Agent summary: Aerobic Gram-negative non-sporing bacillus.
Human. Chancroid (soft chancre). Contact. HAZARD GROUP 2.
TREES DL et al. 1992 Laboratory acquired infection with Haemophilus ducreyi type strain CIP 542. Med Microbiol Lett 1: 330337
Haemophilus influenzae
Agent summary: Aerobic Gram-negative non-sporing bacillus. Meningitis, conjunctivitis, secondary pulmonary etc. infections. Airborne. HAZARD GROUP 2
PARK WH, COOPER G 1921 Accidental inoculation of influenza bacilli on the mucus membrane of healthy persons with development of infection in at least one. J Immun 6: 81–85
WALKER JE 1928 Infection of a laboratory worker with Bacillus influenzae. J Infect Dis 43: 300–305
Helicobacter pylori
Agent summary: Aerobic, Gram-negative, non-sporing curved bacillus. Associated with gastric disorders, Ingestion but also probably airborne. HAZARD GROUP 2.
MALATY HM, EVANS DJ, ABRAMOVITCH K. et al. 1992 Helicobacter pylori infection in dental workers: a seroepidemiological study. Amer J Gastroent 87: 1728-1731.
MATYSIAK-BUDNIK T et al. 1995 Laboratory-acquired Helicobacter pylori infection. Lancet 346: 1489-1490
PATEL P, NORTHFIELD T MAXWELL D 1995 Update: Helicobacter pylori. Gastroent Pract, Spring, 1995.
Legionella spp.
Agent summary: Aerobic Gram-negative non-sporing bacillus. Several species. L. pneumophila, legionnaires disease, Pontiac fever. Water borne, especially in air conditioning plant. HAZARD GROUP 2
ANON 1988 Nosocomial legionella outbreak due to shower mist inhalation. Hosp Infect Control 16: 67-68.
BARTLETT CRL, MACRAE AD, MACFARLANE JT 1986 Legionella Infections. Edward Arnold, London
CRAWFORD GR, GRANT Y 1994 Legionella in potting soils. Br J Biomed Sci 51: 375-376.
GOLDBERG DJ, WRENCH JG, COLLIER PW et al. 1989 Lochgoilhead fever: outbreak of non-pneumonic legionellosis due to Legionella micdadei. Lancet, 1, 316-318.
JONES E, REMIS R, TAIT K et al. 1982. An outbreak of Pontiac fever related to whirlpool use. Abstr. The Epidemiological Intelligence Conference. Atlanta, Centers for Disease Control.
TAKATA T, SHIROTANI T, OKADA M et al. 1998 Acute hemeorrhagic gastropathy with multiple shallow ulcers and duodenitis caused by a laboratory infection of Helicobacter pylori. Gastrointest Endosc 47: 291-294
Leptospira spp.
Agent summary: Spirochaetes. Several species and serotypes. Leptospirosis (may develop into Weil’s disease). Zoonosis: rats, cattle, dogs (urines). Contact and water borne. HAZARD GROUP 2
BARCISZEWSKI, DOMANSKI E 1951 A case of Weil’s disease acquired in a laboratory. Pol Tyg Lek 6: 1550–1551
BARKIN RM, GUCKIAN JC, GLOSSER JW 1974 Infection by Leptospira ballum. A laboratory–acquired case. South Med J 167: 156–176
BERTOK K, KEMENES F, SZARKA G 1960 A case of laboratory acquired Leptospira canicola adapted to rodents. Orv Het 101: 1711–1713
BLUMENBERG W 1937 Über die Weilsche Krankheit als Laboratoriums un Stallinfektion. Zbl Bakt Abt Orig 140: 100–110
BORST JGG, RUYS A, WOLF JW 1948 Leptospirosis ballum in laboratory infection. Ned Tijd Gen 92: 2920–2922
BROOME JC, NORRIS TS 1957 Failure of prophylactic penicillin to inhibit a human case of leptospirosis. Lancet 1: 721–722
FARRELL E 1939 Weil’s disease; a compensable infection in New York State. NY State J Med 39: 1969–1971
FERGUSON IR 1991 Leptospirosis update. Br Med J 302: 128-129.
FERGUSON IR 1993 Rats fish and Weil’s disease. Safety and Hlth Pract December 1993, 12-15.
GILKES CF, LAMBERT HP, BROUGHTON ES et al. 1988 Failure of penicillin prophylaxis in laboratory-acqyired leptospirosis. Postgrad Med J 64: 236-238
GOEBEL S 1916 Beitrage zur Frage der Sogenante Weilsschen Krankheit. Med Klin 12: 381–383
GOLEY AF, ALEXANDER AD, THIEL JF et al. 1960 A case of human infection with Leptospira mini. Pub Hlth Rep 75: 922–924
KAPPELER R, BARUNDEN S, LUTHI H et al. 1961 On a laboratory Leptospira ballum infection. Schweiz Med Wschr 91: 810-812
KATHE J, MOCHMANN H 1962 Die Albinoratte also Infektionsquelle fur Erkranagungen an Morbus Weil. Mschr Veterin 17: 27-31
KLEINSCHMIDT A, CHRIST P 1959 Leptospira ballum als Ursache einer Laboratoriumsinfektion. Zbl Immunitat 117: 107-113
KORTHOF G 1937 Tamme Ratten also bron voor besmetting met Weil Leptospirae. Ned Tijd Genes 81: 4571-4574
LANCET (1949). Leptospirosis in Denmark. 1, 742-743.
MARTIN L, PETTIT A 1916 Trois cas de spirochaete ictero-haemorrhagique en France. Bull Acad Med Paris 76: 247–253
MOCHAMAN H, SCMUTZLER R 1956 Erfolgrieche prophyloxa durch Antibiotika bein einer Laboratoriumsinfektion mit virulent Weil–Leptospiern. Zbl Bakt Abt I Orig 165: 148–155
SARASIN G, TUCKER DN, AREAN VM 1963 Accidental laboratory infection caused by Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. Am J Clin Path 40: 146–150
SCHUFFNER W, BOLHANDER E 1942 Klinische und Backteriologische
Beobachtung einer Laboratoriumsinfektion mit Schlammf eiber Anhakiende Leptospirae. Zbl Bakt Abt I Orig 149: 193–202
STILES WW, SAWYER WA 1942 Leptospiral infection (Weil’s disease) as an occupational hazard. J Amer Med Assoc 118: 34–38
STOENNER HG, MACLEAN D 1958 Leptospirosis ballum from Swiss albino mice. Arch Intern Med 101: 606–610
UHLENHUTH P, GROSSMAN H 1926 Die Aetiologie un Epidemiologie der Ansteckden gelbsucht (Weilschen Krankheit) im Licht Experimentelle untersuchung über die Typenfrage ihres erregers (Spirochaete icterogenses). Klin Wschr 5: 1113– 1117
UHLENHUTH P, ZIMMERMAN E 1933 Weisse (Zahme) Ratte als Uberytragerin des erreger der Weilschen Kramkheit (Spirochaete icterogenses. Deut Med Wschr 59: 1393–1395
UHLENHUTH P, ZIMMERMAN E 1934 Uber eines Laboratoriums–infektion mit Weilschen Krankheit. Sowie über Serumtherapie dieser erkranken. Med Klin 30: 464– 467
WELCKER A 1938 Die Laboratoriumsinfektion mit Weilscher Krankheit. Zbl Bakt Abt I Orig 141: 400–410
WHO (1982). Guidelines for the Control of Leptospirosis. WHO Offset Publication No 67. Geneva, World Health Organization.
Listeria spp.
Agent summary: Aerobic, Gram-positive non-sporing bacilli. Listeriosis. Animals, soil, fodder. Mostly food-borne. HAZARD GROUP 2
ORTEL S 1975 Listeria during pregnancy and excretion of listerias by laboratory workers. Zbl Bakt 1 A 231: 491
MCLAUCHLIN J LOW JC 1994 Primary cutaneous listeriosis in adults: an occupational disease of veterinarians and farmers. Vet Rec Dec. 24/31: 615-617.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. M. bovis
Agent summary: Aerobic, acid-fast, non-sporing bacilli. Tuberculosis: pulmonary and nonpulmonary. Airborne or contact. May be zoonosis (esp. M. bovis, cattle). Vaccine (BCG). HAZARD GROUP 3
ALDERSON HE 1931 Tuberculosis from direct inoculation with an autopsy knife. Arch Derm Syph 24: 98–100
ALLEN, R.K., PIERSON, D.L. & REDMAN, O.G. (1979). Cutaneous inoculation tuberculosis: prosector’s wart occurring in a physician. Cutis 23, 815-818.
ANON 1950 Tuberculosis in laboratory workers. J Amer Med Assoc 143: 478
ANON 1980 Tuberculosis associated with tissue processing. Cal Morbid 30
BORGEN LO 1953 Resistance of tubercle bacilli to isoniazid in vitro [Accidental self-inoculation with tubercle bacilli]. J Oslo City Hosp 3: 127-138
CANETTI G, SAERNZ A, THIBIER R et al. 1951 Tuberculose de réinfection á bacille streptomycine-résistants contracté au laboratoire. Rev Tuberc 15: 128-133
CARBONELLE B., CARBONELLE, P., FRUCHART, A. et al. (1975). Epidemiology and prevention of tuberculosis contamination in bacteriology laboratories. Result of a survey on 23 laboratories. Revue Epidemiolique Med Sante Publique 33,417-428.
CDC 1981 Tuberculosis infection associated with tissue processing. MMWR 30: 73-74
CHIEN, JTT, WIGGINS ML 1954 Self-inoculation with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by a diabetic woman. Amer Rev Tuberc 69: 818-823.
COLLINS CH 1982 Laboratory-acquired tuberculosis. Tubercle 63: 151-155
DURAY PH, FLANNERY B, BROWN,S 1981 Tuberculous infection from preparation of frozen sections. N Eng J Med 305: 167.
EBRING F 1969 Artefizielle Superinfektionen mit Tuberkelbazillen unter INA– Behandlung. Prax Pneum 23: 256–260
ENGBAEK HC, VERGMANN B, BUNCH–CHRISTENSEN K 1977 Pulmonary tuber- culosis due to BCG in a technician employed in a BCG laboratory. Bull WHO 55: 517–520
CANETTI G, SAENZ A, THIBIER R et al. 1951 Tuberculose de réinfection à bacilles streptomycine résistant contractée au laboratoire. Rev Tuberc 15: 128–133
GALE GL 1957 Accidental infection with tubercle bacilli in laboratory technicians. Can Med Assoc J 76: 646–648
GRUBER GN 1949 Zur Frage der Tuberckulose bei Mitglierdern pathologische Institut. Zbl Allg Path 85: 129–134
HEDWALL E 1940 The incidence of tuberculosis among students at Lund University. Am Rev Tuberc 41: 770–780
HOLLSTRÖM VE, HARD S 1953 A fatality from BCG vaccination. Acta Derm Venereol 33: 159-160
JAMA (1950). Tuberculosis in laboratory workers. Journal of the American Medical Association 143, 478.
JONES OR, PLATT WD, AMILL LA 1949 Miliary tuberculosis caused by intravenous self-infection of tubercle bacilli. Amer Rev Tuberc 60: 514-519.
KAO H, ASHFORD DA, McNEIL MM et al. 1997 Descriptive profile of tuberculin skin testing programs and laboratory-acquired tuberculosis infections in public health laboratories. J Clin Microbiol 45: 1361-1364.
KOCH O 1951 Zur tuberkulose Berufskrankung der Artes, besonders de Pathologen. Tuberkulosearzt 5: 498-502
LEMIERRE A, AMEUILLE P 1938 (Self inoculation with tubercle bacilli), cited by Pike, 1979.
LIEBKNECHT WL 1971 Laboratory infection with tuberculosis bacteria following BCG vaccination. Prax Pneum 25: 389-394
LONG ER 1951 The hazard of acquiring tuberculosis in the laboratory. Am J Pub Hlth 41: 782-787
LUNDGREN R, NORRMAN E, ASBERG I 1987 Tuberculosis infection transmitted at autopsy. Tubercle 68: 147-150
LIEBKNECHT WL 1978 Tuberkulosegefahrdung des arztlichen personals. Deut Med Wschr 103- 1237-1241
MERGER C 1957 Hazards associated with the handling of pathogenic bacteria, Canad J Med Tech 18: 122-125.
MIKHAIL JS, TATTERSALL WH 1954 Self-inflicted tuberculosis following BCG vaccination. Tubercle 35, 220-221.
MIKOL EV, HORTON R, LINCOLN NS et al. 1952 Incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis among employees at a tuberculosis hospital. Am Rev Tuberc 66: 16–20
MINKOWITZ S et al 1969 ‘Prosector’s wart’ (cutaneous tuberculosis) in a medical student. Am J Clin Path 51: 260–263
MORRIS SJ 1946 Tuberculosis as an occupational hazard during medical training, Amer Rev Tuberc 54: 140-158.
MULLER HE 1988 Laboratory-acquired mycobacterial infection. Lancet 2: 331
MYERS JA 1941 Tuberculosis in students. Am Rev Tuberc 44: 479–486
MYERS JA, DIEHL JS, BOYNTON RE et al. 1941 Tuberculosis among students and graduates in medicine. Ann Intern Med 14: 1575–1594
O’LEARY PA, HARRISON M 1941 Inoculation tuberculosis. Arch Derm 44: 37
PEERBOHMS PHG 1995 Laboratory acquired tuberculosis. Lancet 345: 1311-1312
REID DD 1957 Incidence of tuberculosis among workers in medical laboratories. Br Med J 2: 10-14
RIDZON, R., KENYON, T., LUSKIN-HAWK, R. et al. (1997). Nosocomial transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and subsequent transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in as healthcare worker. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 18, 422-423.
SAHN SA, PERSON DJ 1974 Primary cutaneous inoculation of drug–resistant tubercle bacilli. Am J Med 57: 676–678
SAINT–PAUL M, DELPLACE Y, CABASSON GB et al. 1972 Tuberculosis professionelles dans les laboratoires de bactériologie. Arch Malades Prof Med 33: 305–309
SAKULA A 1977 Accidental self-inoculation of killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Freund’s complete adjuvant. Tubercle 58: 221-223.
SHIREMAN PK 1992 Endometrial tuberculosis acquired by a health care worker in a clinical laboratory. Arch Path Lab Med 116: 521-523.
SIMPSON DG 1965 Tuberculosis first registered at death. Am Rev Resp Dis 92: 863-869
SMITH GS 1953 Tuberculosis as a necropsy room hazard. Clin Pathol 6: 132-134
STOKES, J.H. (1925) Primary inoculation tuberculosis of the skin with metastasis to regional lymph nodes. American Jounal of Medical Science169, 722-736.
TEGESTROM A 1942 A case of accidental eye tuberculosis infection. Acta Tuberc Scand 16: 330–333
WEBBER WJ 1956 Laboratory infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Med Lab Technol 13: 489
UK HEALTH DEPARTMENTS 1990 Control of tuberculosis in NHS employees. Executive letter EH(90) 174.
Mycobacterium leprae
Agent summary: Aerobic, acid-fast, non-sporing, non-cultivable bacilli. Humans. Leprosy. Vaccine trials in progress. HAZARD GROUP 3 (2 in USA)
MARCHOUX E 1934 Un cas d’inoculation accidentelle du bacille de Hansen en pays HAZARD GROUPnon–lépreux. Int J Leprosy 2: 1–7
Mycobacterium, other spp.
Aerobic, acid-fast, non-sporing bacilli. Mycobacterioses (pulmonary, cutaneous). Water, soil. HAZARD GROUPS 2 and 3 according to species.
CHAPPLER RR, HOKE AW, BORCHARDT KA 1977 Primary inoculation with Mycobacterium HAZARD GROUPmarinum. Arch Derm 113: 380
COLLINS CH, GRANGE JM, YATES MD 1984 A review: mycobacteria in water. J Appl Bact 57: 193-211.
COLLINS CH, GRANGE JM, NOBLE WC et al. 1984 A review:. Mycobacterium marinum infections in man. J Hyg. 94, 135-149.
GEORGHIOU P 1980 Mycobacterium as an occupational hazard in abattoir workers. Aust NZ J Med 19: 409.
KAUSTOVA J, OLSOVSKY Z, KUBIN M et al. 1981 Epidemic occurrence of Mycobacterium HAZARD GROUPkansasii in water supplies. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 25: 24-30.
Mycoplasma spp.
Agent summary: Bacteria without cell walls. Atypical pneumonia and other infections. Contact. HAZARD GROUP 2
HILL A 1971 Accidental infection of man with Mycoplasma caviae. Br Med J 2: 711–712
SANDE MA, GADOT F, WENSEL RP 1975 Point source epidemic of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in a prosthetics laboratory. Am Rev Resp Dis 112: 213–218
Neisseria gonorrhoea
Agent summary: Aerobic/microaerophlic, Gram-negative diplococci. Humans. Gonorrhoea but occupational infections (contact, trauma) usually cutaneous or ocular. HAZARD GROUP 2
BRUINS SC, TIGHT RR 1979 Laboratory acquired gonococcal conjunctivitis. J Amer Med Assoc 41: 274
DIENE BB, WALLACE R, ASHTON FE, et al. 1976 Gonococcal conjunctivitis: accidental infection. Can Med Ass J 115: 609–612
HACKNEY, RW, RITAL WA, THOMAN CA et al. 1985 Report of a laboratory-acquired Neisseria gonorrhoea infection. XXVIII Biological Safety Conference, Salk Institute, La Joll, California.
KINGSBURY AN 1925 Cutaneous gonococcal infection. Brit Med J 1: 265
McCARTHY A 1978 Gonorrhoea of the eye in an adult. Lancet 120: 7 January.
SEARS HJ 1947 Cutaneous infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae with development of lymphangitis resulting from a laboratory accident. Am J Syph Gon Ven Dis 31: 60– 64
Neisseria meningitidis
Agent summary: Aerobic/microaerophlic, Gram-negative diplococci. Meningitis. Vaccines available for some types only.RISK GROUP 2
ANON 1950 Obituary: Bacteriologist dies of meningitis (Anna Pabst). Death attributable to meningitis contracted while conducting experiments in the laboratory. J Amer Med Assoc 106: 109
ANON 1991 CDC reports two rare cases of lab–acquired meningococcaemia. Hosp Infect Control 19: 46–48
ANON (1994) Laboratory-acquired invasive meningococcus - Quebec. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 20: 2, 12-13.
BHATTI AR, DININNO VL, ASHTON FE et al. 1982 A laboratory acquired infection with Neisseria meningitidis. J Infect 4: 247–252
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL 1991 Laboratory acquired meningococcaemia. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 40: 46–47, 55
Canadian Communicable Disease Report 1994 Laboratory acquired invasive meningococcus – Quebec. Can Comm Dis Rep 20: 12–13
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 1993 Preparation of heavy suspensions of Neisseria meningitidis on the open bench. HC Hazard 93 1
Pasteurella spp.
Agent summary: Aerobic, Gram-positive non-sporing bacilli. Infections of wounds (animal bites and scratches), respiratory tract infection, meningitis. Zoonosis: dogs, cattle, poultry. HAZARD GROUPHAZARD GROUP 2
BERGOGNE–BEREZIN E, CHRISTOL D, ZECHOWSKY N, BONFILS S 1972 Pasteurellosis HAZARD GROUPhumaines par morsure; enquête épidemiologique en milieu de laboratoire. Nouv Presse Med 1: 2953–2957
BOISVERT PL, FOUSSEK MD 1941 Human infection with Pasteurella lepiseptica following a rabbit bite. J Amer Med Assoc 116: 1902–1903
FRANCIS DP, HOLMES MA, BRANDON G 1975 Pasteurella multocida infections after domestic animal bites and scratches. J Amer Med Assoc 233: 42-45
ROBINSON R 1944 Human infection with Pasteurella septica. Br Med J 2: 725
HUBBERT WT, ROSEN MN 1970 Pasteurella multocida infections in man unrelated to animal bites. Am J Pub Hlth 60: 1109-1116.
Pseudomonas mallei (Burkholderia mallei)
Agent summary: Aerobic, Gram-negative, non-sporing bacilli. Glanders, systemic disease in humans. Zoonosis: equines, airborne and contact. HAZARD GROUP 3
ANON. 2000. Laboratory-acquired human glanders. MMWR 49: 532-535
BERNSTEIN JM, CARLING ER 1909 Observation on human glanders with a study of six cases and a discussion on the methods of diagnosis. Br Med J 1: 319–325
CRAVITS L, MILLER WR 1950 Immunological studies with Malleomyces mallei and Malleomyces pseudomallei. J Infect Dis 86: 46–51
GAIGER SH 1913 Glanders in man. J Comp Path Ther 26: 223–226
HOWE C, MILLER WR 1947 Human glanders. Report of six cases. Ann Intern Med 26: 93-115
HUNTER, D. (1936). Saints and Martyrs. Lancet 2, 1131-1134.
REDFEARN MS, PALLERONI NJ 1975 Glanders and melioidosis. In Diseases Transmitted from Animals to Man. Springfield: Thomas.
ROBBINS GD 1906 A study of glanders in man with a report of a case. In Studies from the Royal Victoria Hospital Vol. 2. Montreal: Guerin Print Co
STEWART JC 1904 Pyaemic glanders in a human subject. Report of a recent case of laboratory origin. Ann Surg 40: 109–113
Pseudomonas pseudomallei (Burkholderia pseudomallei)
Agent summary: Aerobic, Gram-negative, non-sporing bacilli. Melioidosis. Far East. Zoonosis, rodents, contact. HAZARD GROUP 3
ASHDOWN LR 1992 Melioidosis and safety in the laboratory. J Hosp Infect 21: 301-306
FOURNIER J 1960 Une zoonose qui gagne du terrain: la méliodose. Med Egypt 9: 23–54
GREEN RN, TUFFNELL PG 1974 Laboratory–acquired melioidosis. Amer J Med 44: 599–605
NIGG C 1962 Subclinical infections in melioidosis. Bact Proc 62: 91
REDFEARN MS, PALLERONI NJ 1975 Glanders and melioidosis. In Diseases Transmitted from Animals to Man. Springfield: Thomas.
SCHLECT WP, TURCHIK JB, WESTLAKE RE et al. 1981 Laboratory–acquired infection with Pseudomonas pseudomallei (melioidosis). New Eng J Med 305: 1133–1135
VON BRUNN, W. (1919). Uber die Uhrsachen die Haufigkeit des Vorkommens des Rotzes beim Menschen. Sowie über Massregeln zur Verhütung der Rotzubertragungen Vierteljahrrschrift für gerichtliche Medizin und Offentliches Sanitätswesen (Berlin) 58, 134-161.
Rochalimaea
Agent summary: Gram-negative, pleomorphic, usually intracellular cocci or small bacilli. Little known. May be agent of cat scratch fever. HAZARD GROUP 2.
TOMPKINS DC, STEIGBIGEL RT 1993 Rochalimea’s role in cat scratch fever and bacillary angiomatosis. Ann Int Med 118: 388-390.
Salmonella typhi
Agent summary: Aerobic, Gram-negative, non-sporing bacilli. Typhoid fever. Water- and food-borne. Vaccine. HAZARD GROUP 3
ACHARD C 1929 Fièvre typhoïde contractée au laboratoire par la souillure des mains. Bull Acad Med Paris 102: 278–282
ALBRECHT J 1967 Ungewohnlicher Verlauf einer Laboratoriums infektion durch Salmonella typhi. Zbl. Bakt l Abt Orig 204: 299–301
ANON 1977 Man got typhoid after container toppled over. The Times, Mar 27.
BLASER R, FELDMAN RA 1980 Aquisition of typhoid fever from proficiency testing specimens. New Eng J Med 303 1481
BLASER, MJ, HICKMAN FW, FARMER JJ et al. 1980 Salmonella typhi: the laboratory as a reservoir of infection. J Infect Dis 142: 934-938
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL 1979 Laboratory-associated typhoid fever. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 28: 521-522 HAZARD GROUP
DRAESE KD 1939 Über Laboratoriumsinfektion mit Typhusbazillen und anderen Bakterien. Arch Hyg Bakt 121: 232–292
HAIDICKE TA 1947 Typhoid fever in vaccinated laboratory workers. J Infect Dis 80: 113-116
OERL D et al. 1988 Typhoid fever acquired in a medical teaching laboratory. Lab Med 19: 166–168
HOLMES MB, JOHNSON DL, FIUMARA MJ et al. 1980 Acquisition of typhoid fever from proficiency testing specimens. New Eng J Med 303: 519–521
HORNICK RB, GREISMAN SE, WOODWARD TE et al. 1970 Typhoid fever: pathogenesis and immunologic control. New Eng J Med 283: 686 and 739
KISSKALT K 1915 Laboratoriumsinfektionen mit Typhusbazillen. Zbl Hyg Infekt 80: 145-162
KISSKALT K 1929 Laboratoriumsinfektionen mit Typhusbazillen und anderen Bakterien. Arch Hyg Bakt 101: 137-160
KUNZ LJ, EWING WH 1965 Laboratory infection with a lactose fermenting strain of Salmonella typhi. J Bact 89: 1629
NIKODEMUSZ, I. (1975). Laboratory infections, Orvosi Hetilap116, 2243-2245.
OLSON CL, GAINES S, HOOK EW 1961 Laboratory acquired typhoid fever: infection with a laboratory strain of Salmonella typhosa isolated 41 years earlier. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 109: 129–133
SCHAEFER W 1950 Über Laboratoriumsinfektion insbesondere mit Typhusbazillen. Arch Hyg Bakt 132: 15–32
TAYLOR DN, POLLARD RA, BLAKE PA 1983 Typhoid in the United States and the hazard to the international traveller. J Infect Dis 148: 599-602
VON GARA P 1931 Eine Laboratoriumsimfektion mit Typhusbazillen. Arch Hyg Bakt 107: 105–107
Salmonella spp. other than S. typhi
Agent summary: Aerobic, Gram-negative, non-sporing bacilli. Paratatyphoid fevers and food poisoning (salmonellosis). Food-borne. HAZARD GROUP 3, S. paratyphi A, B, C; 2, other spp.
BAUMBERG A, FREEMAN R 1971 Salmonella typhimurium strain LT–2 is still pathogenic for man. J Gen Microb 65: 99–100
BLASER MJ, LOFGREN JP 1981 Fatal salmonellosis originating in a clinical laboratory. J Clin Med 13: 855–858
BRUNER W 1946 A note of Salmonella abortus–equi infection in man. J Bact 52: 147
PERCH B 1947 On a laboratory infection with Salmonella senegal. Acta Path Microbiol Scand 24: 399–400
STECKELBERG JM, TERRELL CL, EDSON RS 1988 Laboratory-acquired Salmonella typhimurium enteritis associated with erythema nodosum and reactive arthritis. Am J Med 85: 705-707
WORMALD PJ 1950. Salmonella infection in a post-mortem room. Mon Bull Minist Hlth PHLS 9: 28-30
Serratia marcescens
Agent summary: Aerobic, Gram-negative, non-sporing coccobacilli. URT. Formerly used in aerobiology investigations. Occupational infections airborne. HAZARD GROUP 2
PAINE TF 1946 Infection in man following inhalation of Serratia marcescens. J Infect Dis 79: 226
REITMAN M, SUTTON LS, ALG RL et al. 1955 Agglutinins in the serum of laboratory workers exposed to Serratia marcescens. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 89: 236–240
Shigella spp.
Agent summary: Aerobic, Gram-negative non-sporing bacilli. Bacillary dysentery: S. sonnei, S. flexneri, S. dysenteriae. May be zoonotic, monkeys. HAZARD GROUP 2 but S. dysenteriae is in Group 3.
DADSWELL JV 1972 Laboratory–acquired shigellosis. Br Med J 286: 58
GHOSH HK 1982 Laboratory–acquired shigellosis. Br Med J 285: 695– 696
HIRSCHBRUCK M, THIEM H 1918 Aus der Bakteriologischen anstalt für Loytringn in Metz. Uber Rurbazillen vom Typhus Schmitz. Med Wschr 44: 1353–1354
KOBAYASHI R et al. l931 Studies on Bacillus dysenteriae Kruse. Kitasato Arch Exper Med 8: 99-173
KOLAVIC SA, KIMURA A, SIMMONS SL et al. 1997. An outbreak of Shigella dysenteriae type 2 among laboratory workers due to intentional food contamination. J Amer Med Assoc 278: 396-398.
LIPPINCOTT LS 1925 A case of bacillary dysentery contracted in the laboratory. J Amer Med Assoc 85: 901
MERMEL LA, JOSEPHSON SL, DEMPSEY J et al. 1997 Outbreak of Shigella sonnei in a clinical laboratory. J clin Microbiol 35: 163-165
REWELL RE 1949 An outbreak of Shigella schmitzii infection in man and apes. Lancet 1: 220–222
SUTTON LS, SHANAHAN AJ 1954 Laboratory infection with Shigella flexner 3 and Shigella HAZARD GROUPsonnei. J Amer Med Assoc 154: 1420–1421
WOOLPERT O, MARSH HF, YAW OF 1939 Bacillary dysentery resulting from accidental infection. J Amer Med Assoc 113: 753–755
Streptobacillus moniliformis
Agent summary: Aerobic, Gram-negative, non-sporing bacillus. Rat bite fever and Haverhill fever’ Zoonosis: rodents. HAZARD GROUP 2
ALLBRITTON FF, SHEELEY RF, JEFFERS WA 1940 Haverhillia multiformans septicaemia: its relation to Haverhill and rat bite fevers. J Amer Med Assoc 114: 2360–2363
BORGEN LO, GAUSTAD V 1948 Infection with Actinomyces muris ratti (Streptobacillus moniliformis) after bite of laboratory rat. Acta Microb Scand 130: 189–190
BROWN TM, NUNEMAKER JC 1942 Rat bite fever. A review of American cases with re–evaluation of etiology. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 70: 201–237
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL 1974 Rat bit feve - Texas and Virginia. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 23: 357-358
CLEARKIN PA 1928 A case of rat bite fever contracted in the laboratory. Kenyan East Afr Med J 5: 196–200
COLE JS, STOLL RW, BULGER RJ 1969 Rat bite fever. Report of three cases. Ann Intern Med 71: 979–981
GLENHILL AW 1967 Rat bite fever in laboratory personnel. Lab Animals 1: 73–76
HAMBURGER M, KNOWLES HC 1953 Streptobacillus moniliformis infection followed by acute bacterial endocarditis. Report of a case in a physician following the bite of a laboratory rat. Arch Intern Med 92: 216–220
HAYES ER, KIDD RE, COWAN DW 1950 Rat bite fever due to Streptobacillus moniliformis. J Lancet Minneapolis 70: 394–395
HOLDEN FA, MCKAY JC 1964 Rat bite fever – an occupational hazard. Can Med Ass J 91: 78–81
LEVADITI C, NICOLAU S, POINCLOUX P 1925 Sur le rôle étiologique de Streptobacillus moniliformis nov sp. dans l’érythème polyrnorphique septicémique. CR Acad Sci Paris 180: 1188-1190
LEVADITI C, MARTIN R, POINCLOUX P 1926 Etiology of acute multiform erythema: Streptobacillus moniliformis as its causal factor. Presse Med 34: 340-343
PARKER F, HUDSON NP 1926 Infection with Streptobacillus moniliformis. Am J Path 2: 357
PLACE EH, SUTTON LE 1934 Infection with Streptobacillus moniliformis. Arch Intern Med 5: 659
ROUGHGARDEN JW 1965 Antimicrobial therapy of rat bite fever. Arch Intern Med 116: 39–54
Streptococcus spp.
Agent summary: Aerobic, Gram-posiitive, non-sporing cocci in chains. Scarlet fever, septicaemias. Airborne, contact. HAZARD GROUP 2
BORMANN FV 1930 Eine Laboratoriumsinfektion mit Scharlach. Zbl Bakt I Abt Orig 117: 460–463
FLOWERS AI, HALL CF 1962 Erysipelas infection in turkeys and laboratory workers. Southwest Vet 16: 39–41
FRIEDMANN U 1928 Das scharlachproblem. Klin Wschr 7: 2325-2331
HAWKEY PM, PEDKAR SJ, SOUTHALL PJ 1980 Streptococcus pyogenes: a forgotten hazard in the mortuary. Br Med J 281: 1085
HABABOU-SALA P 1932 Piqure operatoire a streptococque haemolytique jungulés par la vaccintherapie. Tunisie Med 26: 78-79
KURL DN 1981 Laboratory-acquired human infection with Group A type 50 streptococci. Lancet 2: (8240)
MOLTKE O, POULSEN KA 1929 Zwei falle Vermutlicher Laboratoriumsinfektionen bei Scarlatina. Zbl. Immun 64: 157–166
Treponema pallidum
Agent summary: Spirochaete. World wide. Syphilis. Occupational infections (trauma) usually cutaneous. HAZARD GROUP 2
BUSCHKE 1913 Über die Beziehun der experimentall Erzeugten Tiersyphilis zur menslichen Lues. Deut Med Wschr 60: 1783–1785
CHACKO CW 1966 Accidental human infection in the laboratory with Nicholls rabbit–adapted strain of Treponema pallidum. Bull WHO 35: 809–819
FITZGERALD JJ, JOHNSON RG, SMITH M 1976 Accidental laboratory infection with Treponema pallidum, Nicholls strain. J Am Ven Assoc 3: 76–78
GAHYLLE D 1924 Le lapin atténue–t–il la virulence pour l’homme du Treponeme pale? C R Soc Biol 91: 911–914
LEVADITI C, MARIE A 1919 Étude sur la treponeme de la paralysie generale. Ann Inst Pasteur 33: 741-776
KAMPMEIER RH 1976 Accidental exposure to Treponema pallidum in professional life. J Amer Vener Dis Assoc 39 (2 part 1): 54
METCHNIKOFF E, ROUX, E 1905 Etudes experimentales sur la syphilis. Ann Inst Pasteur 19: 673–698
MORGAN HJ 1983 The prophylactic treatment of accidental inoculation with Treponema pallidum. Trans Assoc Amer Phys 53: 281–288
SHAW C 1941 Accidental inoculation with Spirochaete pallida. Arch Derm Syph 44: 878–882
WAKERLIN GE 1932 Laboratory infection in man by the Spirochaeta pallidum of experimental rabbit syphilis. J Amer Med Assoc 98: 497
GREENBAUM SS 1937 Chancre of the lip in a laboratory technician. Urol Cut Rev 41: 488–489
Vibrio cholerae
Agent summary: Aerobic, Gram-negative, non-sporing curved bacilli. Mostly tropical and subtropical areas. Asiatic cholera and cholera-like intestinal diseases. Water- and food-borne. Vaccine. HAZARD GROUP 2
REINCKE JJ 1894 Ein Fall Todlicher Laboratoriums – Cholera. Deut Med Wschr 20: 795–797
ZLATGOROFF SJ 1909 Ein Fall aus dem Wasser Geonnen Choleravibrio. Berl Klin Wschr 46: 1972–1973
Vibrio other spp.
Agent summary: Aerobic, Gram-negative, non-sporing curved bacilli. Gastro-enteritis. Seafood. Food-borne. HAZARD GROUP 2
SANYAL SC, SIL J, SAKAZAKI R 1973 Laboratory infection by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J Med Microb 6: 121–122
Yersinia pestis
Agent summary: Aerobic, Gram-positive, non-sporing bacillus. Middel,and Far East, India. Plague (bubonic, pneumonic, septicaemic). Zoonosis: rats, fleas. Vaccine. HAZARD GROUP 3.
ANON 1944 Human case of pneumonic plague (laboratory infection). Pub Hlth Rep 59: 962
BURMEISTER RW, TIGGERT WD, OVERHOLT EL 1962 Laboratory acquired pneumonic plague. Report of a case and review of previous cases. Ann Intern Med 56: 789–800
ESKEY, C.R. & HAAS, V.H. (1962). Plague in the Western part of the United States. Public Health Bulletin No. 254 Washington. US Public Health Service.
HSU CC 1943 A case of recently infected bubonic plague. Chinese Med J 62A: 112– 113
HUANG CH, HUANG CY, CHU LW, HUANG TF 1948 Pneumonic plague. Report of a proved case. Am J Trop Med 28: 362–371
KARTMAN L, QUAN SF, LECHLEITNER RR 1962 Die-off of a Gunnison’s prairie dog colony in central Colorado. II. Retrospective determination of plague inspection in flea vectors, rodents and man. Zoonosis Res 1: 201-224.
LANCET 1962 Death of a Porton scientist. Lancet 2: 463
LEWIN W, BECKER BJP, HORWITZ B 1948 Two cases of pneunonic plague. S Afr Med J 22: 699-703
LINK VB 1951 Plague. Am J Trop Med 3: 452-457
LINK VB 1955 A History of Plague in the United States. Pub Hlth Mon No 26. Washington US Public Health Service
MEYER KF 1950 Modern theory of plague. J Amer Med Assoc 144: 24-32
MUNTER EJ 1945 Pneumonic plague. Report of a case with recovery. J Amer Med Assoc 128: 281–283
SMIRNOV VP 1963 From the diary of a physician who sustained experimental plague. Zh Mikrob Epid Immun 40: 68–72
WU LT, CHUN JWH, POLLITZER R 1923 Clinical observations upon the Manchurian plague epidemic, 1920-1921. J Hyg 21: 289-306.
WU LT 1926 A Treatise on Pneumonic Plague. Geneva: League of Nations.
Chlamydia psittaci HAZARD GROUP
Gram-negative, obligate intracellular parasites with some properties in common with bacteria. (1) psittacosis/ornithosis, (2) ovine enzootic abortion. Zoonoses (1) bird, (2) sheep, possibly goats, cattle. Airborne.
RISK GROUP 3 (avian), 2 (non-avian)
BARWELL CF 1955 Laboratory infection of man with virus of enzootic abortion of ewes. Lancet 2: 1369-1371
Buxton, D. (1986). Potential danger to pregnant women of Chlamydia psittaci from sheep. Vet Rec 118: 510-511.
FORTNER J, PFAFFENBERG R 1935 Uber das genhaufle Wiederauftreten der Psittakose. I. Zbl Hyg Infekt 116: 397–416
FORTNER J, PFAFFENBERG R 1935 Uber das genhaufle Wiederauftreten der Psittakose II. Zbl Hyg Infekt 117: 286–297
FORTNER J 1936 Der Stand der Psittakoseforschung und bekämpfung. Berl Tier Wschr 52: 405-409
GREEN TW 1950 Aureomycin therapy of human psittacosis. J Amer Med Ass 144; 237-238
HALL CJ, RICHMOND SJ, CAUL EO 1982 Labortaory outbreak of Q fever acquired from sheep. Lancet 1: 1004-1006
HAMEL E 1931 Etat actuel de la question de la psittacose et de la lutte contre cette maladie. Bull Off Int Hyg Pub 23: 1047–1058
HAMADEH GN, TURNER BW, TRIBLE W et al. 1992 Laboratory outbreak of Q fever. J Fam Pract 35: 683-685
HORNIBROOK JW, NELSON KR 1940 An institutional outbreak of pneumonitis. Pub Hlth Rep 55: 1936-1954
IRONS JD, SULLIVAN ID, ROWAN J 1951 Outbreak of psittacosis from working with wild turkeys or chickens. Am J Pub Hlth 41: 931–937
KOSINA F, KOLOUCH Z 1975 Q fever laboratory infection. Cas Lek Cesk 114: 134-136
LENNETTE EH, MEIKLEJOHN G, THELEN HM 1948 Treatment of Q fever in man. Ann New York Acad Sci 51: 331-342
MCCOY GW 1935 Psittacosis among personnel of the Hygienic Laboratory. J Infect Dis 55: 154–167
MEIKELJOHN G, LENNETTE GH 1950 Q fever in California. Am J Hyg 52: 54
NEUFELD P, LEVINTHAL W 1932 Schutz geer Laboratoriumsinfektion bei Psittakosearbeiten. Zbl Bakt Abt I Orig 125: 254–256a
ROBERTS W, GRIST NR, GUROUD P 1967 Humam abortion associated with infection by ovine abortion agent. Br Med J 4: 37.
ROSEBURY T, ELLINGSON HV, MEIKELJOHN G 1947 A laboratory infection with psittacosis treated with penicillin and sulphadiazine, and experimental data bearing on the mode of infection. J Infect Dis 80: 64–77
SAWYER WA, MEYER K F, EATON MD et al. 1968 Human follicular conjunctivitis caused by the psittacosis agent, Proc Soc Exper Biol Med 127: 292-294.
SCHMID HJ 1931 Uber eine Psittakoseanliche epidemie in eine Tierspital. Zbl Med 117: 563–593
STOKES J 1953 Q fever in Southern Australia. Med J Aust 2: 779
STOKER MGP 1975 Q fever down the drain. Br Med J 1: 425-426
Chlamydia trachomatis
Gram-negative, obligate intracellular parasites with some properties in common with bacteria. Trachoma, conjunctivitis, urethritis etc. Air-borne RISK GROUP 2
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH ETC 1974 Hazard from a laminar flow cabinet. Hlth Equip Inf 50: 7/74 [infection]
MACGRUDER GB, GORDON FB, QUAN AL, DRESSLER HR 1963 Acccidental human trachoma with rapid diagnosis by cell culture technique. Arch Ophthal 69: 300– 303
SCHACTER J, ARNSTEIN P, DAWSON PR et al. 1968 Human follicular conjunctivitis caused by the psittacosis agent [sic]. Proc Soc Exper Biol Med 127: 292-294
SMITH CH 1958 Accidental infection with trachoma virus. Br J Ophthalmol 42: 721–722
VISWALINGHAM M et al. 1987 Infection by airborne Chlamydia trachomatis. Br Med J 295: 119
Coxiella burnetii
Gram-negative, obligate intracellular parasites with some properties in common with bacteria. Q fever. Zoonosis: sheep, cattle, ticks; also air-borne (dust). RISK GROUP 3
BAYER RA 1982 Q fever as an occupational illness at the National Institutes of Health. Pub Hlth Rep 97: 58–60
BEEMAN EA 1950 Q fever: an epidemiological note. Pub Hlth Rep 65: 88
BURNET FM, FREEMAN M 1939 Note on a series of laboratory infections with the rickettsias of Q fever. Med J Aust 1: 11–12
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL 1979 Q fever at a university research center. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 28: 333–334
COMMISSION ON ACUTE RESPIRATOR DISEASES 1946 A laboratory outbreak of Q fever caused by the Balkan Grippe strain of Rickettsia burnetii. Am J Hyg 44: 123–157
CURET LB, FAUST JC 1972 Transmission of Q fever from experimental sheep to laboratory personnel. Am J Obst Gyn 114: 566–568
DRITZ S, BLACK A, HINE C et al. 1979 Q fever at a university research center - California. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 28: 333-334.
DYER RE 1938 A filter passing infectious agent isolated from ticks. IV. Human infection. Pub Hlth Rep 53: 2277-2282.
GRAHAM CJ, YAMAUCHI T, ROUNTREE P 1988 Q fever in animal laboratory workers; an outbreak and its investigation. Am J Infect Control 17: 345–348
HALL CJ, RICHMOND SJ, CAUL WO et al. 1982 Laboratory–acquired outbreak of Q fever acquired from sheep. Lancet 1: 1004–1006
HAMADEH, G.N., TURNER, B.W., TRIBLE, W. et al (1992). Laboratory outbreak of Q fever. Fam Pract 35: 683-685.
HORNIBROOK,JW, NELSON KR 1940 An institutional outbreak of pneumonitis. Pub Health Reports 55, 1936-1944
HUEBNER RJ 1947 Report of an outbreak of Q fever at the National Institutes of Health. Am J Pub Hlth 37: 431–440
JOHNSON JE, KADULL PJ 1966 Laboratory-acquired Q fever. Am J Med 41: 391-403
LIPPELT H 1951 Spezielle Fragen zur Rickettsier. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie Ab. 1 Orig. 159: 29.
LENNETTE, E.H., MEIKLEJoHN, G. & THELEN, H.M. (1948). Treatment of Q fever in man. Ann N Y Acad Sci 51: 331-342.
KIKUTH W, BOCK W 1949 23 Falle von Laboratoriumsinfektionen mit Q-Fieber. Med Klin 44: 1056-1060
KOSINA F, KOLOUCH Z 1975 Q fever laboratory infections. Casop Lék Cesk 114: 134-136
MEIKLEJOHN G, LENNETTE E H 1950 Q fever in California, American Journal of Hygiene 52: 54.
NAUCK EG, WEYER F 1949 Laboratoriumsinfektion bei Q–fieber. Deut Med Wschr 74: 198–202
OLIPHANT JW, GORDON DA, MEIS A et al 1949 Q fever in laundry workers, presumably transmitted from contaminated clothing. Am J Hyg 49: 76–82
OLIPHANT JW, PARKER RR 1948 Q fever: three cases of laboratory infection. Pub Hlth Rep 63: 1364–1370
ROBBINS FC, RUSTIGIAN R 1946 Q fever in the Mediterranean area: report of its occurrence in Allied troops. IV. A laboratory outbreak. J Hyg Camb 44: 64–71
SMITH DJW, BROWN HE, DERRICK EH 1939 A further series of laboratory infections with the rickettsias of Q fever. Med J Aust 26: 13–14
SPICKNALL CG, HUEBNER RJ, RINGER JA et al. WP 1947 Report of an outbreak Q fever at the National Institutes of Health. Ann Intern Med 27: 28–40
STOKER MGP 1953 Q fever down the drain. Br Med J 1: 425–426
STOKES J 1953 Q fever in Southern Australia. Med J Aust 2: 779.
TIGGERTT WD, BENESON AS, GOCHENOUR WS 1961 Air–borne Q fever. Bact Rev 25: 285–292
YAMAUGHI T et al. 1988 Q fever in laboratory personnel. Am J Infect Cont 16: 80
Rickettsia mooseri
Gram-negative, obligate intracellular parasites with some properties in common with bacteria. Murine typhus. Zoonosis: rats, fleas.
RISK GROUP 3
ANTOINE HM, MARX R, BARRE A 1965 Considerations cliniques et immunologiques a propos d’un cas de typhus murin (contamination de laboratoire). Bull Med Mil Fr 59: 419–423
BERLANCA, J., JANNIN, P., HAMORY, N. et al. (1978). Laboratory-acquired endemic typhus - Maryland. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 27: 215-216.
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL 1978 Laboratory-acquired endemic typhus. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 27, 215-216
NICOLLE C 1935 A propos de six cas de typhus murin contractés au cours de récherches. Arch Inst Pasteur Tunisie 24: 99–113
NORAZAH A, MAZLAH A, CHEONG YM et al. 1995 Laboratory-acquired murine typhus; a case report. Med J Malaysia 50: 177-179.
VAN DEN ENDE M, STUART–HARRIS CH, HARRIES EHR et al. 1943 Laboratory infection with murine typhus. Lancet 1: 328–332
WOO JH et al. 1991 A case of laboratory acquired murine typhus. Korean J Intern Med 5: 118–122
Rickettsia orientalis
Gram-negative, obligate intracellular parasites with some properties in common with bacteria. Scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi fever). Zoonosis: mongooses, bird, mites. Vaccine (restricted use).
RISK GROUP 3
BUCKLAND PE, DUDGEON A, EDWARD DG et al. 1945 Scrub typhus vaccine. Large scale production [Laboratory infection]. Lancet 2: 734–737
OGATA N 1931 Aetiologie der Tsutsugamushikrankheit: Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. Zbl Bakt Abt I Orig 122: 249–253
TULLIS JK, GERSH I, JENNEY E, et al. 1947 Tissue pathology of experimental tutsugamushi disease and report of a human case acquired in the laboratory. Am J Trop Med 27: 245–269
VAN DEN ENDE M, LOCKET S, HARGREAVES WH et al. 1946 Accidental laboratory infection with tsutsugamushi rickettsia. Lancet 2: 4–7
Rickettsia prowazeki
Gram-negative, obligate intracellular parasites with some properties in common with bacteria. Epidemic typhus. Louse-borne. Vaccine (restricted use).
RISK GROUP 3
GEAR JHS, BECKER LH 1938 A case of typhus fever contracted in the laboratory from a virus isolated from rats. S Afr Med J 12: 57–60
GOLD H, FITZPATRICK F 1942 Typhus fever in a previously vaccinated laboratory worker. J Am Med Ass 119: 1415–1416
LARSEN K, LEBEL H 1943 A small laboratory epidemic of typhus fever in Copenhagen. Acta Med Scand 115: 524-536
LOFFLER W, MOOSER H 1942 Zum Ubertragungsmodus de Fleckfiebers beobachtungen anlässlich einer Laboratoriumsinfektion. Schweiz Med Wschr 72: 755-761
OKAMOTO R, MASAYAMA S 1937 Über einen Fall von Ubergangsform des in Laboratorium infizierten Fleckfiebers. Trans Soc Path (Japan) 27: 602-605
SILVA P, KOPSCIONSKA L 1945 Contamination de laboratoire chez les individus vaccinés dans le typhus exanthématique. Bull Soc Path Exot 38: 320–323
TOKAREVICH KN 1944 Laboratory infections with typhus exanthematicus. Zh Mikrob Epid Immun No 1–2: 26–29
WRIGHT LG, BARKER LF, MICKENBERG ID et al. 1968 Laboratory– acquired typhus fever. Ann Intern Med 63: 731–738
Rickettsia rickettsii
Gram-negative, obligate intracellular parasites with some properties in common with bacteria. Agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Zoonosis: dogs, rodents, rabbits, ticks.
RISK GROUP 3
BADGER LF, YER RE, RUMREICH A 1931 An infection with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Pub Hlth Rep 46: 463–480
CALIA FM, BARTELLONI JP, MCKINNEY RW 1970 Rocky Mountain spotted fever. J Amer Med Ass 211: 2011–2014
CAMPBELL EP, KETCHUM WH 1940 Rocky Mountain spotted fever: an analysis of seven cases including one laboratory infection. New Eng J Med 223: 540–543
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL 1977 Fatal Rocky Mountain spotted fever - Georgia. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 26: 84
JOHNSON JE, KADULL PJ 1967 Rocky Mountain spotted fever acquired in the laboratory. N HAZARD GROUPEng J Med 277: 842-847
OSTER CN, BURKE DS, KENYON RH et al. 1979 Laboratory acquired Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The hazard of aerosol transmission. New Eng J Med 297: 859–863
PARKER RR 1938 Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Journal of the American Medical Association 110: 1185-1188.
SEXTON DJ, GALIJIS HA, McRAE JR et al. 1975 Possible needle-associated Rocky Mountain spotted fever. New Eng J Med 292: 645
TOOMEY N 1931 American mountain tick fever and spotted fever of the Rocky Mountains – comparative epidemiography. Ann Intern Med 5: 601–612
WOLBACH SB 1919 Studies on Rocky Mountain spotted fever. J Med Res
41: 1-197
Adenovirus
Agent summary: Adenoviridae. World wide. URI, meningitis, infantile gastro-enteritis. Humans. HAZARD GROUP 2
JAWETS ET, HANNA L, SONNE M, THYGESON P 1959 Laboratory infection with adenovirus type 8. Amer J Hyg 69: 13
NASZ I, DAN P, KULCZAR G 1963 Accidental laboratory infections with adenovirus type 8. Acta Microb Acad Sci Hung 10: 53–57
Korean haemorrhagic fever virus
See Hantavirus.
Argentine haemorrhagic fever virus
See Junin virus.
Aujesky virus HAZARD GROUP
See Pseudorabies virus.
B virus
See Herpesvirus simiae.
Chikungunya virus
Agent summary: Togaviridae (Alphavirus). Africa. Chikungunya haemorrhagic fever. Zoonosis: monkeys, moquitoes. No vaccine. HAZARD GROUP 3
RAMACHANDRA RT, SINGH KRP, PAVRI KM 1964 Laboratory transmission of an Indian strain of Chikungunya virus. Current Sci 33: 235–236
SHSH KV, BARON S 1965 Laboratory infection with Chikungunya virus. A case report. Indian J Med Res 53: 610–613
Cowpox virus
Agent summary: Poxviridae. Skin lesions. World wide. Zoonosis:
cattle, cats, exotics; contact with lesions. Vaccine (vaccina).
HAZARD GROUP 2
BLACKFORD S, ROBERTS DL, THOMAS PD 1993 Cowpox infection causing a generalised eruption in a patient with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 129: 628-629
Coxsackieviruses
Agent summary: Picornaviridae. World wide. Aseptic meningitis. Humans. Contact. HAZARD GROUP 2
DIETZMAN DE, FUCCILI LA, WEST FJ et al. 1973 Conjunctivitis associated wih Coxsackie B virus in a laboratory worker. Am J Ophthal 75: 1054–1056
SHAW EW, MELNICK JL, CURNEN EC 1950 Infection of laboratory workers with Coxsackie virus. Ann Int Med 33: 32–40
Creutzfelt-Jacob Disease agent
"Unconventional agent" of spongiform encephalopathy. HAZARD GROUP 3
RIDLEY RM, BAKER HF 1993 Occupational hazard of Creutzfeld-Jakob disease. Lancet 341: 641-642.
HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE 1994 Precautions for work with human and animal Transmissable Spongiform Encephalopathies. Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens.
SAWCER SJ, YUILL GM, ESMONDE TFG et al. 1993 Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in an individual occupationally exposed to BSE. Lancet, 341: 642.
UK HEALTH DEPARTMENTS 1981 Report of the Advisory Group on the management HAZARD GROUPof patients with with spongiform encephalopathy [Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease HAZARD GROUP(CJD)] to the Chief Medical Officers. Departmental Advice Note DA(81)22. HAZARD GROUPLondon, HMSO.
Crimea Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
Agent summary: Bunyaviridae (Nairovirus). Afriac, Iraq, Eastern Europe. Haemorrhagic fever. Zoonosis: cattle, small mammals, tick borne. HAZARD GROUP 4
KARIMOV SK et al. 1975 Case of a laboratory infection with the Crimean HAZARD GROUPHaemorrhagic fever virus. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiology Immunobiology 5:
Cytomegalovirus
Agent summary: Herpesviridae. World wide. URI, retinitis, hepatitis. Contact. HAZARD GROUP 2
BRADY MT 1986 Cytomegalovirus infections: occupational risk for health service workers. Am J Infect Control 14: 197–203
TOOKEY P, PECKHAM CS 1991 Does cytomegalovirus present an occupational hazard? Arch Dis Child 66: 1009-1010.
TOOKEY P, LOGAN S 1994 Occupational HAZARD of cytomegalovirus. Rev Med Microbiol 5: 33-38.
Dengue virus
Agent summary: Togaviridae (Flavivirus). Haemorrhagic fever. Asia, India, Caribbean. Zoonosis: monkey, mosquitoes. HAZARD GROUP 3
MELNICK JL, CURNEN EC, SABIN AB 1948 Accidental laboratory infection with dengue virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 68: 198–200
OKUNYO Y et al. 1982 Serological studies on a case of laboratory dengue infection. Biken J 25: 163–170
Eastern encephalitis virus
Agent summary: Togaviridae (Alphavirus). Encephalitis etc. Central and S. America. Zoonosis: birds, mosquitoes. HAZARD GROUP 3.
FOTHERGILL LD, DINGLE JH, FARBER S, CONNERLEY ML 1938 Human encephalitis caused by the virus of the eastern variety of equine encephalitis. New Eng J Med 219: 411
WEBSTER LT 1938 Recovery of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus from brain tissue of human cases in Massachusetts. Science 88: 305–306
GOLD H, HAMPIL BL 1942 Equine encephalitis in a laboratory technician with recovery. Ann Int Med 16: 556-559
OLITSKY JM, MORGAN IM 1939 Protective antibodies against equine HAZARD GROUPencephalomyelitis virus in the serum of laboratory workers. Proc Soc Exper Biol Med 41: 212-215
Ebolavirus
Agent summary: Filovidae. Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Zaire, Sudan. Zoonosis (?) monkeys (?), contact with blood. HAZARD GROUP 4
ANON 1989 Ebola virus infection in imported primates - Virginia. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 38: 831
ANON 1990 Ebola virus in imported primates - United States. Comm Dis Wkly Rep 16-4: 17-18
EMOND RTD, EVANS B, BOWEN ETW 1977 A case of Ebola virus infection. Br Med J 2: 1172-1175
SIMPSON DIH 1977 Marburg and Ebola Virus. Wld Hlth Org Pub No 36. Geneva
Ganjam virus
Agent summary: Bunyaviridae. Nairobi sheep disease. Africa. Zoonosis: sheep, mosquitoes. HAZARD GROUP 2 or 3
DANDEWATE CN, WORK TH, WEBB JKG et al. 1969 Isolation of Ganjam virus from a human case of febrile illness. A report of a laboratory infection and serological survey of human sera from three different states of India. Indian J Med Res 57: 975-980.
RAO CV et al. 1981 Laboratory infection with Ganjam virus. Indian J Med Res 74: 319–324
Hantavirus
Agent summary: Arenaviridae. S.E. Asia, N. America, Europe. Hantaan fever, Korean haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Zoonosis: rodents, mites. HAZARD GROUP 3
ANON 1990 Hantaviruses (Editorial). Lancet, 336, 407-08.
BENNETT M, HART CA 1994 Hantavirus infection. J Med Microbiol 41:
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL 1993 Update: outbreak of hantavirus infection - south west United States. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 42: 495-496.
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL 1994 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome - United States 1993. Centers for Disease Control, Morb Mort Wkly Rep 43: 45-48.
DESMYTTER J et al. 1983 Laboratory rat associated outbreak of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome due to Hantaan–like virus in Belgium. Lancet 2: 1445–1448
DURIN E 1984 HFRS after a wild rodent bite in the Haute Savoie and risk of exposure to Hantaan-like virus in a Paris laboratory. Lancet 1, 676-677.
GRIST N 1988. Hantaviruses are here in Scotland. J Infect Dis 17: 83-87
KULAGIN SM, FEDOROVA NI, KETILADZE ES 1962 Laboratory outbreak of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Zh mikrobiol epidemiol immunol 33: 121-126
LEE HW, JOHNSON KM 1982 Laboratory-acquired infections with Hantaan virus, the etiologic agent of Korean haemorrhagic fever. Journal of Infectious Disease. J Infect Dis 146: 645-651
LLOYD G, JONES N 1986 Infection of laboratory workers with Hantaan virus HAZARD GROUPacquired from immunocytomas propagated in laboratory rats. J Infect 12: 117-125
PETHER JVS, THURLOW J, PALFREYMAN TG et al. 1993 Acute hantavirus infection presenting as hypersensitivity vacuolitis with arthropathology. J. Infect. 26, 75-77.
TSAI TF 1987 Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome; mode of transmission to humans. Lab Animals 37: 428-430.
UMENAI T et al. 1979 Korean haemorrhagic fever in staff in an animal laboratory. Lancet 1: 1314-1316
WONG, T.W., CHAN, Y.C., YAP, E.H. et al (1988). Serological evidence of hantavirus infection in laboratory rats and personnel. Br J Indust Med 43: 500-501.
Hepatitis A virus
Agent summary: Picornaviridae. Infectious hepatitis. World wide. Food and water. Vaccine. HAZARD GROUP 2
SHAKESPEARE AT, POOLE CJM 1993 Sewage workers and hepatitis A. Occup Hlth 45: 364-366.
TIMOTHY EM, MEPHAM P 1984 Outbreak of infectious hepatitis among sewage sludge spreaders. Comm Dis Rep 3: 3
Hepatitis B virus
Agent summary: Hepadnaviridae. Serum hepatitis. World wide. Man, blood-borne.
Vaccine. HAZARD GROUP 3
ANDERSON RA, WOODFIELD DG 1982 Hepatitis B infections in laboratory staff. NZ Med J 95: 61–71
ANIDO G 1973 Australia antigen – transmission in the laboratory. New Eng J Med 228: 160
ANON 1990 Hepatitis B transmission by automated blood sampling device. Comm Dis Rep 90/38 1
ANON 1990 Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis B virus associated with a spring-loaded finger stick device - California. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 610-613
BONE JM, TONKIN RW, DAVISON AM, MARMION BP et al. 1971 Outbreak of dialysis-associated hepatitis in Edinburgh 1969-1970. Proc European Dial Transp Assoc 8: 189-197
BYRNE EB 1966 Viral hepatitis: an occupational hazard of laboratory personnel. J Amer Med Assoc 195: 362-364
CALLENDER ME, WHITE Y, WILLIAMS R 1982 Hepatitis B infection in medical and health care personnel. Br Med J 284, 324-326
CARL M, FRANCIS DP, MAYNARD JE 1983 A common-source outbreak of hepatitis B in a hemodialysis unit. Dialysis Transplant 12, 222-229
DONOVAN JW 1974 The first case of laboratory–acquired hepatitis? Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 68: 259
DOUVIN, C, SIMON D, ZINELABINE H et al. 1990 An outbreak of hepatitis B in an endocrinology unit traced to a capillary blood sampling device. New Eng J Med 322: 57-60.
FINDLAY, G.M., DUNLOP, J.C. & BROWN, H.C. (1931). Observations on epidemic catarrhal jaundice. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med 25: 7-28.
FOLLET EA, SLEIGH JD 1980 Hepatitis B as a hazard to laboratory staff: a reappraisal. J Clin Pathol 33: 1017-1020
GERBERDING JL HOPEWELL PC, KAMINGSKY LS 1985 Transmission of hepatitis B without transmission of AIDS by needlestick. New Eng J Med 312: 56
HANDSFIELD HH, CUMMINGS J, SWENSON PD 1987 Prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B surface antigen in blood samples submitted to a hospital laboratory: implications for handling specimens. J Amer HAZARD GROUPMed Assoc 258: 3395-3397
HILLIS WD 1961 Viral hepatitis associated with subhuman primates. Transfusion 3: 445-454
HINTON WH 1947 Acute infectious hepatitis. A hazard for workers in blood testing laboratories. Pub Hlth Lab 5: 2
KELEN GD, GREEN GB, PURCELL RH 1992 Hepatitis B and hepatitis C in emergency department patients. New Eng J Med 326, 1399-1404
KENT GP, BRONDUM J, KEENLYSIDE BJ, et al. 1988 A large outbreak of HAZARD GROUPacupuncture-associated hepatitis B. Amer J Epidem 127, 591-598
KEW, M.C. (1973) Possible transmission of serum (Australia antigen positive) hepatitis via the conjunctiva. Infect Immun 7: 823-824.
KRASSNITSKY O, PESENIDORFER F, WEWALKER F 1974 Hepatitis und HAZARD GROUPLaboratorium. Das medizinische Laboratorium (Stuttgart) 27: 77-81
KUH C, WARD WE 1950 Occupational virus hepatitis, an apparent hazard to medical personnel. J Amer Med Assoc 143: 631-635
LAUER JL, Van Drunen NA, Washburn JW et al. 1979 Transmission of hepatitis B virus in clinical laboratory areas. J Infect Dis 140: 513-516
LAURER JL, VAN DRUNEN NA, WASHBURN JW et al. 1979 HAZARD GROUPTransmission of hepatitis
B virus in clinical laboratory areas. J Infect Dis 140: 513-516
LEVY BS, HARRIS JC, SMITH JL et al. 1977 Hepatitis B in ward and clinical laboratory employees in a general hospital. Amer J Epidemiol 106: 333-335
LIEBOWITZ S, GREENWALD L, COHEN I et al. 1949 Serum hepatitis in a blood bank worker. J Amer Med Assoc 140: 1331
LO GRIPPO GA, HATASKI H 1974 Incidence of hepatitis and Austràlia antigenaemia among laboratory workers. Hlth Lab Sci 10: 157-162
MARCUS DL et al. 1993 Transmission of hepatitis B virus associated with a finger stick device. New Eng J Med 328: 968
MARIMUTHU T 1980 Type B viral hepatit is in medical technologists. South Afr J Med Lab Technol 26: 29–31
PATTISON CP, BOYER KM, MAYNARD JE et al. 1974 Epidemic hepatitis in a clinical laboratory – possible association with computer card handling. J Amer Med Assoc 230: 854–857
POLAKOFF S 1986 Acute viral hepatitis B: laboratory reports 1980–84. Br Med J 293: 37– 38
PERRY S, RYAN J, NOLAN HJ 1992 Needlestick injury associated with HAZARD GROUPvenepuncture. J Amer Med Assoc 267: 54
PIAZZA M, Guadagnino V, Piccotto L et al. 1987 Contamination by hepatitis B surface antigen in dental surgeries. Br Med J 295: 473-474
POLISH LB, GINIER P 1993 Transmission of hepatitis B virus associated with a finger stick device. New Eng J Med 328: 968
POLISH LB, SHAPIRO CN, BAUER F et al. 1992 Nososcomial transmission of hepatitis B virus associated with the use of a spring-loaded finger-stick device. HAZARD GROUPNew Eng J Med 326: 721-725
RUDDY SL, MOSELY JW, HELD JR 1967 Chimpanzee-associated hepatitis in the US in 1963. Amer J Epidemiol 83: 634
SASLOW AR, IAMMARINO R 1974 Viral hepatitis in clinical laboratory workers. Clin Chem 20: 514–515
SEDER RH, DESAI PM, KOFF RS 1975 Laboratory-acquired hepatitis B. Lancet 2: 1316
SHEEHAN HL 1944 Epidemiology of infectious hepatitis. Lancet 2: 8
SKINHOJ P, SOEBY M 1981 Viral hepatitis in Danish health care personnel, 1974-1978. J Clin Pathol 34: 408-411
SMIDT R 1992 Transmission of hepatitis B by finger stick device. New Eng J Med 115: 411
SUTNICK AI, LONDON WT, MILLMAN I et al. 1971 Ergasteric endemic hepatitis associated with Australia antigen in a research laboratory. Ann Int Med 75: 35-40
THOMPSON S, INWOOD MJ 1976 Laboratory–acquired hepatitis. Lancet 1: 489
TRUMBELL ML, GREINER DJ 1951 Homologous serum jaundice - an occupational hazard. J Amer Med Assoc 145:965
WESTWOOD JCN, CHAUDHURY RK, PERRY E 1973 Short term inapparent infection after accidental ingestion of hepatitis B positive serum. Lancet 2: 1395
Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board (1993). Eliminating Hepatitis B as an Occupational Hazard. London.
WELCH J, WEBSTER M, TILZEY AJ et al. 1989 Hepatitis B infections after HAZARD GROUPgynaecological surgery. Lancet 1: 205-207
Hepatitis C virus
Agent summary: Flaviviridae. "Non-A, non-B" hepatitis. World wide. Man, blood-borne (parenteral). HAZARD GROUP 3
ALTER MJ 1993 The detection, transmission and outcome of hepatitis C virus HAZARD GROUPinfection. Infect Agents Dis 2: 155-166.
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES SURVEILLANCE CENTRE (PHLS) 1993 Hepatitis C virus: guidance on the HAZARDs and current management of occupational HAZARD GROUPexposure. Comm Dis Rev 3: No 10
DUSHEIKO GM, SMITH M, SCHEUER PJ 1990 Hepatitis C virus transmitted by a human bite. Lancet 336: 503-504
JOCHEN ABB 1992 Occupationally acquired hepatitis C infection. Lancet 339: 304
KELEN GD, GREEN GB, PURCELL RH 1992 Hepatitis B and hepatitis C in emergency department patients. New Eng J Med 326: 1399-1404
MARRANCONI M, VAGLIA A et al. 1992 HCV infection after accidental needlestick injury in health care workers. Infection 20: 111
SARTORI M, LA TERRA G, AGLIETTAS M et al. 1993 Transmission of hepatitis C via blood splash into conjunctiva. Scand J Infect Dis 25: 270-271
SCHLIPKOTER U, ROGGENDORF M, CHOLMAKOFF K et al. 1990 Transmission of hepatitis C virus (HVC) from a haemodialysis patient to a medical staff member. Scand J Infect Dis 22: 757-8
SEEF LB 1991 Hepatitis C from a needlestick injury. Ann Intern Med 115: 411
VAGLIA A, NICOLIN R, PURO V et al. 1990 Needlestick hepatitis C virus HAZARD GROUPseroconversion in a surgeon. Lancet 336: 1315-1316
Herpesvirus simiae (B virus)
Agent summary: Herpesviridae. Encephalomyelitis. Africa. Zoonosis: monkeys, especially macaques), blood. HAZARD GROUP 4
ARENSTEIN AW, HICKS CB, GOODWIN BS et al. 1991 Human infection with B virus following a needlestick injury. Rev Infect Dis 13: 288-291
BREEN RE, LAMB SG, OTAKI AT 1958 Monkey bite encephalomyelitis: report of a case with recovery. Br Med J 2: 22–23
BRYAN BL, ESPANA CD, EAMONNS WR, et al. 1975 Recovery from HAZARD GROUPencephalomyelitis caused by Herpesvirus simiae. Arch Intern Med 135: 368–370
CDC (1987a). Guidelines for the prevention of herpesvirus simiae (B virus) in monkey handlers. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports36, 680-682, 687-689.
DAVIDSON WL, HUMMELER K 1960 B virus infection in man. Ann NY Acad Sci 85: 970–979
FIERER J, BAZELEY P, BRAUDE AI 1973 Herpes B virus encephalo- myelitis presenting as an ophthalmic zoster. Ann Intern Med 79: 225–228
HARTLEY EG 1966 ‘B’ virus in monkeys and man. Br Vet J 122: 46-50
HARTLEY EG 1968 Human disease hazards from the laboratory monkey. Vet Ann pp 27-31
HARTLEY EG 1974 Primate diseases and their prvention. In: The Prevention of Laboratory Acquired Infection (Eds C H Collins, AT Willise). Public Health HAZARD GROUPLaboratory Service Monograph No 6. London, HMSO
HENNESSEN W 1968 A haemorrhagic disease transmitted from monkeys to man. Nat Cancer Mono 29: 161-171
HOLMES GP, HILLIARD JK, KLONTZ KC.et al. 1990 B virus (Herpesvirus simiae) infection in humans; epidemiological investigation of a cluster. Ann Int Med 11: 833-839.
HUMMELER K, DAVIDSON WL, HENLE W et al. 1959 Encephalomyelitis due to infection with Herpesvirus simiae (herpes B virus). New Eng J Med 261: 64–68
LAUER JL, VAN DRUNEN JA WASHBURN JW et al. 1979 Transmission of hepatitis B virus in clinical laboratory areas. J Infect Dis 140: 513-576
LOVE M, JUNGHERR E 1962 Occupational infection with virus B of monkeys. J Amer Med Assoc 179: 804-806
NAGLER EP, KLOTZ M 1958 A fatal B virus infection in a person subject to HAZARD GROUPrecurrent herpes labialis. Can Med Assoc J 79: 743–745
PIERCE CE, PIERCE JD, HULL RN 1958 B virus. Its current significance. Description and diagnosis of a fatal human infection. Am J Hyg 68: 242-250
SABIN AB 1949 Fatal B virus encephalomyelitis in a physician working with monkeys. J Clin Invest 28: 808
Human immunodeficiency virus
Agent summary: Retroviridae. World wide. Man. Associated with AIDS. HAZARD GROUP 3
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL 1988 Agent summary statement for human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs); including HTLV-III, LAV, HIV-1 and HIV-2, and report on laboratory-acquired infection with human immunodeficincy virus. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 37: 19-22
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL 1988 Occupationally acquired HIV infections in laboratories producing virus concentrates in large quantities. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 38: 19-22
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES SURVEILLANCE CENTRE 1993 Health care workers and HIV: surveillance of occupationally acquired infection in the United Kingdom. Comm Dis Rep Rev 3, No 11. CDSC, Colindale
FITCH KM, ALVAREZ LP, DE ANDRES R et al. 1995 Occupational transmission of HIV in health care workers. Eur J Pub Hlth 5: 175-186
HALEY C, REFF VJ, MURPHY EK 1989 Report of a possible laboratory-acquired HIV infection. Abstr, 5th Int Conf AIDS, Montreal
HANDSFIELD HH, CUMMINGS J, SWENSON PD 1987 Prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B surface antigen in blood samples HAZARD GROUPsubmitted to a hospital laboratory: implications for handling specimens. J Amer HAZARD GROUPMed Assoc 258: 3395-3397
HEPTONSTALL J, GILL ON, PORTER K et al. 1993 Health-care workers and HIV; surveillance of occupationally-acquired infection in the United Kingdom. Commun Dis Rep, 3, R147-R152.
LOT F, ABITEBOUL D 1993 Infections professionales par le VIH en France. Le point au 31 Decembre 1993. Bull Epidem Hebdom 25 111-113.
PALCA J 1987 Lab worker infected with AIDS virus. Nature 329, 92.
PINCUS SH, MESER KG, NATA PL et al. 1994 Temporal analysis of the antibody response to HIV envelope protein in HIV-infected laboratory workers J Clin Invest 53: 2505-2513
TOKARS JI, MARCUS R, CULVER DH et al. 1993 Surveillance of HIV infection and zidovudine use among health care workers after occupational exposure to HIV- infected blood. Ann Int Med 118: 913-919.
Influenza virus
Agent summary: Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza. World wide. Vaccine. HAZARD GROUP 2
SMITH W, STUART–HARRIS CH 1936 Influenza infection in man from the ferret. Lancet 2: 121–123
Junin virus
Agent summary: Arenaviridae. Junin and Argentine haemorhagic fevers. South America. Zoonosis: rodents (?), ticks (?). HAZARD GROUP 4
RUGIERO HR, PARODI AS. GOTTA H, BUXACA M, OLIVARI AJ 1962 Epidemic haemorrhagic fever: laboratory passage and interhuman passage. Rev Assoc Med Argentina 76: 413–417
RUGIERO HR, PARODI AS, GOTTA H et al. 1965 Argentine haemorrhagic fever. Accidental inoculation and medicolegal considerations. Rev Assoc Med 76: 413-417.
WEISSENBACHER MC et al. 1978 Inapparent infections with Junin virus among laboratory workers. J Infect Dis 137: 309–323
WEISSENBACHER MC et al. 1980 Serological survey to detect subclinical Junin virus infection in laboratory workers. J Med Virol 6: 223–226
Korean haemorrhagic fever virus
See Hantavirus.
Kyansanur Forest disease virus
Agent summary: Togaviridae. Encephalitis etc. India. Zoonosis: monkeys, rodents, ticks. HAZARD GROUP 4
BANERJEE K, GUPTA NP, GOVERDHAN MK 1979 Viral infections in laboratory personnel (KFD). Ind J Med Res 69: 363–373
HANSON RP, SULKIN SE, BUESCHER, EL et al. 1967 Arbovirus infection of laboratory workers. Science 158: 1283-1286
MORSE JL, RUSS SB, NEEDY CF et al. 1962 Studies of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis group, J Immunol 88: 240-242.
WORK TH, TRAPIDO G, MURPHY DPN et al. 1957 Kyasanur Forest disease: a preliminary report on the nature of infection and clinical manifestations in human beings. Indian J Med Sci 11: 619–645
Lassa fever virus
Agent summary: Arenaviridae. Haemorrhagic fever. Africa. Zoonosis: Mastomys rats, blood. HAZARD GROUP 4
FRAME JD, BALDWIN JM, GOCKE DJ et al. 1970 Lassa fever, a new virus disease of man from West Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 19: 670–676
LEIFER E, GOCKE DJ, BOURNE H 1970 Lassa fever. A new virus of man. Report of a laboratory-acquired infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 19: 677-679
SIMPSON DIH, ZUCKERMAN AJ 1975 Lassa by letter. Lancet 2: 701
Louping ill virus
Agent summary: Flaviviridae. CNS involvement. World wide. Zoonosis: sheep, ticks. HAZARD GROUP 3
COOPER WV, GREEN LJ, FRESH W 1964 Laboratory infection with louping ill virus. A case study. Navy Research Unit No 2. Research Rep MR005.09.1201. Washinginton: Gov Print Off
DAVISON G, NEUBAUER C, HURST EW 1948 Meningo–encephalitis in man due to louping ill virus. Lancet 2: 453–457
REID HW, GIBBS CA, BURRELS C et al. 1972 Laboratory infections with louping ill virus. Lancet 1: 592–593
RIVERS TM, SCHWENKER FF 1934 Louping ill in man. J Exp Med 59: 669–685
RIVERS TM, SCHWENKER FF 1934 Louping ill in man. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 30: 1302–1303
WEBB HE, CONOLLY JH, KANE FF et al. 1968 Laboratory infections with louping ill with associated encephalitis. Lancet 2: 255–258
WIEBEL H 1937 Über louping ill beim Menschen. Klin Wchenschr 16:632-634
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
Agent summary: Arenaviridae. Aseptic meningitis. World wide. Zoonosis: mice, food. HAZARD GROUP 3
BAUM SG, LEWIS AM, ROWE WP et al. 1966 Epidemic non–meningitis lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. An outbreak in a population of laboratory personnel. New Eng J Med 274: 934–936
BIGGAR RJ, SCHMIDT TJ, WOODALL JP 1977 Lymphocytic chorio- meningitis in laboratory personnel exposed to hamsters inadvertently infected with LCM virus. HAZARD GROUPJ Am Vet Ass 171: 829–832
BOWEN GS, CALLISHER CH, WINKLER WG et al. 1975 Laboratory studies of a lymphocytic choriomemingitis virus outbreak in man and laboratory animals. Am HAZARD GROUPJ Epidemiol 102: 233–240
FARMER TW, JANEWAY CA 1942 Infections with the virus of lymphocytic HAZARD GROUPchoriomeningitis. Medicine 21: 1–63
GREGG MB 1975 Recent outbreaks of lymphocytic choriomeningitis in the United States of America. Bull Wld Hlth Org 52: 549- 553
HAYES GS, HARTMAN TC 1943 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis: report of a laboratory infection. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 73: 275-286
HINMAN AR, KRASDER DW, DOUGLAS DRG, et al. 1975 An outbreak of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections in medical centre personnel. Am J Epid 101: HAZARD GROUP103–110
HOTCHIN J, SIKORA R, KINCH W et al. 1974 Lymphocytic chorio- meningitis in a hamster colony causes infection in hospital personnel. Science 185: 1173-1174
LEPINE P, SAUTTER V 1938 Contamination de laboratoire avec le virus de la HAZARD GROUPchoriomeningite lymphocytaire. Ann Inst Pasteur 61: 519-526
LEWIS AM, ROWE WP, TURNER HC et al. 1965 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in a hamster tumour. Spread to hamsters and humans. Science 150: 363-364
MILZER A 1943 Neurotropic virus infections in Chicago 1939-1941. Nine cases of lymphocytic choriomeningitis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 54: 279-282-
MILZER A, LEVINSON SO 1942 Laboratory infections with the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis. J Amer Med Assoc 120: 27–30
SCHEID W, JOCHEIM KA, MOHR W 1956 Laboratoriumsinfektion mit dem Virus de Lymphocytaren choriomeningitis. Deut Arch Klin Med 203: 88–109
SMADEL JE, GREEN RH, PALTAUF RF et al. 1942 Lymphocytic chorio- meningitis; two human fatalities following an unusual febrile illness. Proc Soc Exp Biol 49: 683–686
Marburg virus
Agent summary: Filoviridae. Haemorrhagic fever. Africa. Zoonosis: vervet monkeys, blood. HAZARD GROUP 4
ANON 1967 Disease transmitted from monkeys to man. Lancet 2:1129-1130
BECHTELSHEIMER B, KORP BG, GEDICK P 1970 ‘Marburgvirus’ hepatitis. HAZARD GROUPUntersuchung bei Menschen und Meersschweinchen. Virchow Arch Path Anat 351: 273–290
HULL, R.N. (1973). Biohazards associated with simian viruses. In: Biohazards in Biological Research (Eds A. Hellman, M.N. Oxman & R. Pollack). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
KISSLING RE, MURPHY FA, HENDERSON BE 1970 Marburg virus. Ann NY Acad Sci 174: 932-945
MARTINI GA, KNAUFF HG, SCMIDT HA et al. 1968 A hitherto unknown infectious disease contracted from monkeys: ‘Marburg virus’ disease. Germ Med Mon 13: 457–470
SIMPSON DIH 1977 Marburg and Ebola Virus. Wld Hlth Org Pub No 36. Geneva
MARTINI GA, KNAUFF HG, SCMIDT HA et al. 1968 A hitherto unknown infectious disease contracted from monkeys: ‘Marburg virus’ disease. Deut Med Wschr 93: HAZARD GROUP559–571
SMITH CEG, SIMPSON DIH, BOWEN ETH et al. 1967 Fatal human disease from vervet monkeys. Lancet 2: 1119-1121
STILLE W, HOHLE E, HELM E et al. 1968 Über eine durch Cercopithecus aethiops übertragene Infektionskrankheit (‘Grune-Meerkatzen-Krankheit’, Green Monkey HAZARD GROUPDisease) Deut Med Wschr 13: 470-478
Milkers nodule virus
Agent summary: Poxviridae. Milkers’nodules, skin lesions. World wide. Zoonosis: cattle, contact. HAZARD GROUP 2
WHEELER CE, CAWLEY EP 1957 The etiology of milker’ nodules. Arch Dermatol 75: 249-259
Newcastle disease virus
Agent summary: Paramyxoviridae. Conjunctivitis. World wide. Zoonosis: chickens, contact. HAZARD GROUP 2
ANDERSON SC 1946 A note on two laboratory infections with the virus of Newcastle disease. Med J Aust 1: 371
BANG FB, FOARD G 1965 The serology of Newcastle disease infections. J Immunol 76: 352–356
BORTSOV VN et al. 1976 Newcastle conjunctivitis (a case of laboratory infection). Oft Zhu 31: 471–472
BURNET FM 1943 Human infection with the virus of Newcastle disease of fowls. Med J Aust 2: 313-314
DARDIRI JH, YATES VJ, FLANAGAN TD 1962 The reaction to infection with the B1 strain of Newcastle disease virus in man. Amer J Vet Res 23: 918-921
DIVO A, LUGO A 1952 Un caso de parotiditis humano por virus de Newcastle HAZARD GROUP(infeción de laboratorio). Bol Inst Inv Vet Caracas 4: 644-649
FERRYMAN MW, BANG FB 1948 Human conjunctivitis due to Newcastle disease virus in the USA. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 84: 409–413
GUSTAFSON DP, MOSES HE 1951 Isolation of Newcastle disease virus from the eye of a human being. J Amer Vet Assoc 118: 1–2
HUNTER WL, KEENEY AH, SIGEL MM 1951 Laboratory aspects of an infection with Newcastle disease virus in man. J Inf Dis 88: 272–277
INGALLS WL, MAHONEY A 1940 Isolation of the virus of Newcastle disease from human beings. Amer J Pub Hlth 39: 737–740
MORGAN C 1987 Import of animal viruses oppposed after accident at laboratory. Nature 328: 8.
MUSTAFFA-BABJEE A, LATIF ABRAHIM A, TEH S K 1976 a case of human infection with Newcastle disease. SE Asian J Trop Med Pub Hlth 7: 622-623.
SHIMKIN NI 1946 Conjunctival haemorrhage due to an infection of Newcastle virus of fowls in man. Br J Ophthmol 30: 260–265
YATOM J 1946 An outbreak of conjunctivitis in man associated with the virus of Newcastle disease. Refuah Vet 3: 69–70
Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
Agent summary: Togaviridae (Flavivirus). Haemorrhagic fever. Siberia. Zoonosis: rodents, ticks. HAZARD GROUP 4
JELINKOVA-SKALOVA E et al. 1974 Laboratory infection with the virus of Omsk haemorrhagic fever with neurological and psychiatric symptomatology. Cesk Epidemiol Microbiol Immun 23: 590-593
Orf virus
Agent summary: Poxviridae. Contagious pustular dermatitis. World wide. Zoonosis: sheep, goats, contact. HAZARD GROUP 2
LOBER CW, MENDELSOHN HE, DATNOW B et al. 1983 Clinical and histologic features of orf. Cutis 32: 142-147
Parvovirus
Agent summary: Parvoviridae. Arthropody, facial rash. World wide. Contact. HAZARD GROUP 2
COHEN BJ, COURAGE AH, SCHWARZ TF et al. 1988 Laboratory infection with parvovirus B19. J Clin Pathol 41: 1027–1028
SHIRAISHI H et al. 1991 Laboratory infection with human parvovirus B19. J Infect 22: 308–310
Poliovirus
Agent summary: Picornaviridae. Poliomyelitis. World wide. Faeces. HAZARD GROUP 2
BELLER K 1949 Laboratoriumsinfektion mit dem Lansing–Virus. Zbl Bakt I Abt Orig 153: 269–273
SABIN AB, WARD R 1941 Poliomyelitis in a laboratory worker exposed to the virus. Science 94: 113–114
WENNER HA, PAUL JR 1974 Fatal infection with poliomyelitis virus in a laboratory technician. Am J Med Sci 213: 9–18
Pseudorabies
Agent summary: Herpesviridae. Aujesky’s disease. World wide. Zoonosis: swine, contact. HAZARD GROUP 2
TUNCMAN ZM 1938 La maladie d’Aujesky observée chez l’homme. Ann Inst Pasteur Paris 60: 95-98
Rabies virus
Agent summary: Rhabdoviridiae. Rabies. Worlfd wide. Zoonosis: canines, bats, others, contact. Vaccine. HAZARD GROUP 3
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL 1977 Rabies in a laboratory worker. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 26: 183–184
CONOMY JP, LIEBOVITZ A, MCCOMBS W et al. 1977 Airborne rabies encephalitis. Neurology 27: 67–69
TILLOTSON, J.R., AXELROD, D. & LYMAN, D.O. (1977). Rabies in a laboratory worker - New York. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 26, 183-184, 249-250.
VARELA–DIAZ VM, IMAS B, SOSTO E et al. 1974 Laboratory investigations on neuro–paralytic accidents associated with mouse brain rabies accidents. Ann Immun 125: 925–938
WINKLER WG, FASHINELL TR, LEFFINGWELL L et al. 1973 Airborne rabies in a laboratory worker. J Amer Med Assoc 226: 1219–1221
Rift Valley fever virus
Agent summary: Bunyaviridae. Haemorrhagic fever. East and South Africa. Zoonosis: sheep, cattle, mosquitoes. HAZARD GROUP 3
FINDLAY GM 1932 Rift Valley fever or enzootic hepatitis. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med 25: 229-265
FRANCIS E, MAGILL RP 1935 Rift Valley fever. A report of three cases of HAZARD GROUPlaboratory infection. J Exp Med 62: 433–448
KITCHEN SF 1934 Laboratory infections with the virus of Rift Valley fever. Am J Trop Med 14: 547-564
MURPHY LC, EASTERFAY DBC 1961 Rift Valley fever; a zoonosis. Proc US Livestock Sanit Assoc 65: 397–412
SABIN AB, BLUMBERG RW 1947 Human infection with Rift valley fever virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 64: 384–389
SCHWENTKER FF, RIVERS TM 1934 Rift Valley fever in man: report of a fatal infection in man. J Exp Med 59: 305–313
SMITHBURN KC, MAHAFFY AF, HADDON AJ et al. 1949 Rift Valley fever: accidental infections among laboratory workers. J Immunol 62: 213– 227
STERN L 1958 Rift Valley fever in Rhodesia. Report of a case in a laboratory HAZARD GROUPworker. Central Afr J Med 4: 281–284
Russian Spring-Summer encephalitis virus
Agent summary: Flaviviridae. Encephalitis. Siberia. Zoonosis: rodents, ticks. HAZARD GROUP 4
HAYMAKER W, SATHER EG, HAMMON WM 1955 Accidental Russian Spring Summer encephalitis; cases occurring in two laboratory workers. Arch Neuro Psych 73: HAZARD GROUP609–630
JERVIS GA, HIGGINS GH 1973 Russian spring-summer encephalitis; clinico-pathologic report of a case in a human. J Neuropath Exper Neurol 12: 1-10
Sabia virus
Agent summary: Arenaviridae. Tacaribe complex. Haemorrhagic fever. Brazil. Rodents. HAZARD GROUP HAZARD GROUP 4
BARRY M, RUSSI M, ARMSTRONG L et al. 1995 Brief report: treatment of a HAZARD GROUPlaboratory-acquired Sabia virus infection. N Eng J Med 333: 294-295
GANDSMAN EJ, AALESTAD HG, OUIMEL TC et al. 1997 Sabia virus incident at Yale University. Amer Indust Hyg Assoc J 58: 51-53.
LISIEUX T, COIMBRA TL, NASSAR ES et al. 1994 New arenavirus isolated in Brazil. Lancet 343: 391-392
PETERS CJ, JOHNSON KM 1995 Arenaviridae; lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Lassa virus and other arena viruses. In: Douglas and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Disease. Eds Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. 4th edn vol 2. New Yoor: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 1572-1579.
RYDER RW, GANDSMAN EJ 1995 Laboratory-associated Sabia virus infection. N Eng J Med 333: 1716-1718
St Louis encephalitis virus
Agent summary: Flaviridae. Central and South America. Fever, aseptic meningitis. Zoonosis: birds, mosquitoes. HAZARD GROUP 3
VON MAGNUS H 1950 Laboratory infection with St Louis enceph- alitis virus. Acta Path Microb Scand 27: 176–186
Vaccinia virus
Agent summary: Poxviridae. Officially now non-existent. Vaccine. HAZARD GROUP 4
JONES L, RISTOW S, YILMA T et al. 1986 Accidental human vaccination with vaccinia virus expressing nucleoprotein gene. Nature 319, 543.
OPENSHAW PJM et al. 1991 Accidental infection of laboratory worker with HAZARD GROUPrecombinant vaccinia virus. Lancet 338: 459
Venezuelan equine encephalitis
Agent summary: Togaviridae. Encephalitis. Central and South America. Zoonosis: rodents, birds, mosquitoes. HAZARD GROUP 3
ALEKSEEVA AA, LEBEKA NV, DUBNIAKOVA, NM 1939 Clinical aspects of Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Zhu Neuro Psik 59: 313–320
CASALS J, CURNEW EC, THOMAS L 1943 Venezuelan equine encephalitis in man. J Exp Med 77: 521–530
KOPROWSKI H, COX HR 1947 Human laboratory infection with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. Report of four cases. New Eng J Med 236: 647-654
KUEHNE RW, SAWYER WD, GOCHENOUR WS 1962 Infection with aerosolised attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. Amer J Hyg 75: 347-350
LENNETTE EH, KOPROWSKI H 1943 Human infection with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. A report of eight cases acquired in the laboratory. J Amer Med Assoc 123: 1088-1095
OLITSKY PK, MORGAN IM 1939 Protective antibodies against equine encephalomyelitis virus in the serum of laboratory workers. Proc Soc Exper Biol Med 41: 212-215.
SCHUBLAADZE AK, GAYDAMOVICH SY, GAVRILOV VI 1959 Virological studies of laboratory infections with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. Prob Virol 4: HAZARD GROUP305–310
SLEPUSHKIN AN 1959 An epidemiological study of laboratory infections with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. Prob Virol 4: 311–314
SMITH DG, MAMAY HK, MARSHALL RG et al. 1956 Venezuelan equine HAZARD GROUPencephalomyelitis: laboratory aspects of fourteen human cases following vaccination and attempts to isolate the virus from the vaccine. Am J Hyg 63: 150–164
SUTTON LS, BROOKE CC 1956 Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis due to HAZARD GROUPvaccination in man. Am J Hyg 63: 150–164
Vesicular stomatitis virus
Agent summary: Rhabdoviridae. Influenza like fever. World wide. Zoonosis: mammals, contact. HAZARD GROUP 2
FELLOWES ON, DIMOPOULLOS GT, CALLIS JJ 1955 Isolation of vesicular stomatitis virus fom an infected laboratory worker. Am J Vet Res 16: 623–626
HANSON RP, RASMUSSEN AF, BRANDLEY CA et al. 1950 Human infections with the virus of vesicular stomatitis. J Lab Clin Med 36: 754–758
HANSON RP, BRADLEY CA 1957 Epizootology of vesicular stomatitis. Amer J Pub Hlth 47: 205-209
JOHNSON KM, VOGEL JE, PERALTA PH 1966 Clinical and serological response to laboratory-acquired human infection by Indiana type vesicular stomatitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 15: 244-246
PATTERSON WC, MOTT LO, JENNY EW 1958 A study of vesicular stomatitis in man. J Am Vet Med Assoc 133: 57–62
Western equine encephalitis virus
Agent summary: Togaviridae (Alphavirus). Encephalitis. Central and South America. Zoonosis: birds. mosquitoes. HAZARD GROUP 3
FOTHERGILL LD, HOLDEN M, WYCKOFF RWG 1939 Western equine encephalitis in a laboratory worker. J Amer Med Assoc 113: 206–207
HELWIG FC 1940 Western equine encephalitis following accidental inoculation with chick embryo. J Amer Med Assoc 115: 291–292
Yelllow fever virus
Agent summary: Flaviviridae. Yellow fever. Tropical Africa, South and Central America. Zoonosis: monkeys, mosquitoes. Vaccine. HAZARD GROUP 3
BERRY GP, KITCHIN SF 1931 Yellow fever accidentally acquired in the laboratory. Amer J Trop Med 11: 365–434
FOX JP, LENNETTE EH, MANSO C, AGUIAR JRS 1942 Encephalitis in man following vaccination with 17D yellow fever virus. Am J Hyg 36: 117–142
LOWE CG, FAIRLY NH 1931 Observations on laboratory and hospital infections with yellow fever in the United Kingdom. Br Med J 1: 125
0LSON KB et al. 1983 Deaths associated with yellow fever experiments. J Amer Med Assoc 249: 1150–1151
SAWYER WA, MEYER KF, EATON MD et al. 1947 Jaundice in army
personnel related to yellow fever vaccine. Am J Hyg 40: 35–107
Aspergilllus spp.
Agent summary: Pulmonary or disseminated aspergillosis; otitis externa (also allergies). Inhalation of spores. HAZARD GROUP 2
DEWHURST AC, COOPER MJ, KAHN SM et al. 1990 Aspergillosis in HAZARD GROUPimmunosuppressed patients; potential hazard of building work. Br Med J 301: 802-804.
GOODLEY JM, CLAYTON YM, HAY J 1993 Environmental sampling for aspergilli during building construction on a hospital site. J Hosp Infect 26: 27-35.
HUNTER PR 1994 Environmental sampling for aspergilli during building construction on a hospital site. J Hosp Infect 26: 27-31.
LENTINO JR, ROSENKRANTZ MA, MICHAELS JA et al. 1982 Nosocomial HAZARD GROUPaspergillosis. A retrospective review of airborne disease secondary to road construction and contaminated air conditioners. Am J Epidemiol 116: 430-437.
PERRAUD M, PIENS MA, NICOLOYANNIS N et al. 1987 Invasive nosocomial pulmonary aspergillosis: risk factors and hospital building works. Epidemiol Infect HAZARD GROUP99: 407-412.
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Agent summary: Dimorphic fungus. Soil. North America, but occurs elsewhere. North American blastomycosis; pulmonary/disseminated disease. Infection by inhalation. HAZARD GROUP 3
BAUM GL, LERNER PI 1970 Primary pulmonary blastomycosis: laboratory acquired infection. Ann Int Med 73: 263–265
BAUM GL, SCHWARZ J 1959 North American blastomycosis. Amer J Med Sci 238: 661- 684
DENTON JF, DISALVO AF, HIRSCH ML 1967 Laboratory acquired North American blastomycosis. J Amer Med Assoc 199: 8935–936
EVANS N 1903 A clinical report of a case of blastomycosis of the skin from an accidental inoculation. J Amer Med Assoc 40: 1772–1775
HARREL A, CURTIS C 1959 North American blastomycosis. Amer J Med 27: 750-766
LANDAY ME, SCHWARZ J 1971 Primary cutaneous blastomycosis. Arch Derm 104: 408-409
LARSON DM, ECKMAN MR, ABER CL et al. 1983 Primary cutaneous (inoculation) blastomycosis: an occupational hazard to pathologists. Amer J Clin Path 79: 253-255
LARSH H, SCHWARZ J 1977 Accidental inoculation blastomycosis. Cutis 19: 334-335
MORRIS RT 1913 A case of systemic blastomycosis. J Amer Med Assoc 61: 2043–2044
OBENOUR RA 1969 Case report: North American blastomycosis. J Am Med Assoc 62: 324–327
ONSTAD GD 1971 Primary pulmonary blastomycosis. Ann Int Med 74: 146
PALMER PE, MCFADDEN SW 1968 Blastomycosis: report of an unusual case. New Eng J Med 279: 979–981
RAMSAY KR, CARTER GR 1952 Canine blastomycosis in the United States. J Amer Med Assoc 120: 93-98
SCHWARZ JC, BAUM GL 1951 Blastomycosis. Am J Clin Path 21: 999–1029
SCHWARZ, J, BAUM GL, EVANS NA 1903 Clinical reports of blastomycosis of the skin from accidental inoculation. J Amer Med Assoc 40: 1772–1775
SMITH JG, HARRIS JS, CONANT NF et al. 1955 An epidemic of North American blastomycosis. J Amer Med Assoc 158: 641–646
WILSON JW, CAWLEY EP, WEIDMAN FD et al. 1955 Primary cutaneous North American blastomycosis. Arch Derm 71: 39–45
Coccidioides immitis
Dimorphic fungus. Soil. North America. Pulmonary disease. Infection by inhalation. HAZARD GROUP 3
BUSH JD 1943 Coccidiomycosis. JMA Alabama 13: 159–166
CARROL GF, HALEY LD, BROWN JM 1977 Primary cutaneous coccidiomycosis: a review of the literature and a report of a new case. Arch Derm 113: 933-936
DICKSON EC 1937 Valley fever of San Joaquin valley and fungus coccidioides. Cal West Med 47: 151–155
DICKSON EC, GIFFORD MA 1938 Coccidioides infection. Arch Intern Med 62: 853–871
DROUHET E, SEGRETAIN G, MARIAT F 1974 Coccidiomycosis in a laboratory worker. Bull Soc Mycol France 3: 163–165
FIESE MJ 1958 Epidemic of coccidiomycosis. In Coccidiomycosis.(ed Fiese MJ) pp 77–91. Springfield: Thomas
FISCHER JB, KANE J 1973 Coccidioides immitis: a hospital hazard. Can J Pub Hlth 64: 276–278
GUY WH, JACOB FM 1927 Granuloma coccidioides. Arch Derm Syph 16: 308–311
JOHNSON JE, PERRY JE, FEKETY FR et al. 1964 Laboratory-acquired coccidioidomycosis: report of 210 cases. Ann Intern Med 60: 941-956
KLUTSCH K, HUMMER N, BRAUN H et al. 1965 Zur Klinik der Coccidiomykose. Deut Med Wschr 90: 1490- 1501
KRUSE RH 1962 Potential aerogenic hazards of Coccidioides immitis. Am J Clin Path 37: 150-158
LOONEY JM, STEIN T 1950 Coccidioidomycosis: the hazards involved in diagnostic procedures, with a report of a case. New Eng J Med 242: 77-82
NABARRO JDN 1948 Primary pulmonary coccidiomycosis: a case of laboratory HAZARD GROUPinfection in England. Lancet 1: 982–984
OVERHOLT, E. L. & HORNICK, R.B. (1964). Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis, Archives of Internal Medicine 114, 149-153.
SMITH CE 1943 Coccidiomycosis. Med Clin N America 27: 790–807
SMITH CE, PAPPAGIANIS D, LEVINE HB et al. 1961 Human coccidiomycosis. Bact Rev 25: 310-320
SMITH DT, HARRELL ER 1948 Fatal case of laboratory coccidiomycosis. Amer Rev Tuberc 57: 368–374
TOMLINSON CC 1928 Granuloma coccidioides. Med Clin N America 12: 457–462
TOMLINSON CC, BANCROFT P 1928 Granuloma coccidioides. Report of a case responding favourably to antimony and potassium tartrate. J Amer Med Assoc 91: 947–951
TOMLINSON CC, BANCROFT P 1934 Granuloma coccidioides. Further observations on the use of antimony and potassium tartrate and the use of Roentgen rays in treatment. Report of an additional case. J Amer Med Assoc 102: 36–38
TRIMBLE JR, DOUCETTE J 1956 Primary cutaneous coccidiomycosis;a case of laboratory infection. Arch Derm 74: 405–410
VAN CLEVE JV 1936. Coccidioidal granuloma. J Kansas Med Soc 37: 54-55
WEGMAN P, PLEMPEL M 1974 Das kernakheitsbild der Coccidiomykose, dargestellt an einer Laboratoriumsinfektion. Deut Med Wschr 99: 1653–1656
WILLET FM, WEISS A 1945 Coccidionycosis in Southern California: report of a new endemic area with a review of 100 cases. Ann Intern Med 23: 349–375
WILSON JW, SMITH CE, PLUNKETT OA 1953 Primary cutaneous coccidiomycosis – the criteria for diagnosis and report of a case. California Med 79: 233–239
Cryptococcus neoformans
Agent summary: True yeast. World wide, bird (pigeon) faeces. Meningitis, pulmonary disease. Infection by inhalation. HAZARD GROUP 2
GLASER JB, GORDON A 1985 Inoculation of cryptococcus without transmission of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. New Eng J Med 313: 266
Microsporum and Trichophyton spp.
Agent summary: Filamentous fungi, several species. Worldwide, humans, animals. Tinea (ringworm) of nails, hair, skin. HAZARD GROUP 2
ALTERAS I 1965 Human dermatophyte infections from laboratory animals. HAZARD GROUPSabouraudia 4: 143–145
DOLAN MM, KLIGMAN, KOBYLINSKY PG et al. 1958 Ringworm epizootics in laboratory mice; experimental and accidental transmission of infection. J Invest HAZARD GROUPDerm 30: 23–25
HANEL E, KRUSE RH 1967 Laboratory-acquired Mycoses. Fort Detrick Misc Pub 28 AD665376. Washington, Gov Print Off
KAFFKA A, RIETH H 1958 Laboratoriumstiere als Ursache einer Berufsdermatomykose und Massnahmen zur Verhutung weiter Pilzinfektion. Zbl Bakt Abt I 0rig 171: 319-321
KAMELAM A, THAMBIA AS 1979 Trichophyton simiae infection due to laboratory accident. Dermatologia 159: 180-181
KANAPILLY GM et al. 1979 Trichophyton simiae infection due to laboratory accident. Dermatologia 159: 180-181
MACKENZIE DWR 1961 Trichophyton mentagrophytes in mice: of humans and incidence among laboratory animals. Sabouraudia 1: 178–182
MANKELOW BW, RUSSELL RR 1960 Human ringworm associated with Trichophyton mentagrophytes in guinea pigs. NZ Med J 59: 488
MEYER G 1957 Über zwei Laboratoriumsinfectionen mit Trichophyton mentographytes. Ausgehend von spontan Erkranken Meerschweinchen. Mykosen HAZARD GROUP1: 70–73
ROWSELL HC, KENNEDY AH, FISCHER JB 1954 A dermatophyte infection in chinchilla transmitted to man (abst). Can J Pub Hlth 45: 31
SCHWARZ J, KAUFFMAN CA 1977 Occupational hazards from deep mycoses. Arch HAZARD GROUPDerm 113: 1270–1272
SONCK CE 1961 Laboratory infections by skin pathogenic fungi in Finland. Zh Haut Gesch 31: 117–122
Histoplasma capsulatum
Agent summary; Dimorphic fungus. Pulmonary histoplasmosis. Soil, bird and mammal faeces. Inhalation. HAZARD GROUP 3
CHICK EW, BAUMAN DS, LAPP NL et al. 1972 A combined field and laboratory epidemic of histoplasmosis. Isolation from bat faeces in West Virginia. Amer Rev Resp Dis 105: 968-971.
DICKIE HA, MURPHY ME 1955 Laboratory infections with Histoplasma capsulatum. Amer Rev Tuberc 72: 690–692
FURCOLOW ML 1961 Airborne histoplasmosis. Bact Rev 25: 301–309
FURCOLOW ML 1965 Environmental aspects of histoplasmosis. Arch Exp Hlth 10: 4–10
FURCOLOW, ML, GUNTHEROTH WG, WILLIS MJ 1952 The frequency of laboratory infections with Histoplasma capsulatum. J Lab Clin Med 40: 182–187
HARTUNG F, SALFELDER K 1962 Histoplasmosis with fatal outcome as an HAZARD GROUPoccupational disease in a mycologist. Int Arch Gewerbepath 19: 270–289
MURRAY JF, HOWARD DH 1964 Laboratory–acquired histoplasmosis. Amer Rev Tuberc 89: 631–640
NILZEN A, PALDROK H 1953 A laboratory infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. Acta Derm Ven 33: 329–341
SPICKNALL CG, RYAN RW, CAIN A 1956 Laboratory–acquired histoplasmosis. New Eng J Med 254: 210–214
TESH RB, SCHNEIDAI JD 1966 Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis. New Eng J Med 275: 597-599
VANSELOW NA, DAVEY WN, BOCOBO FC 1962 Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis in laboratory workers: report of two cases. J Lab Clin Med 59: 236–243
WILLIS MJ, FURCOLOW ML 1956 Laboratory infections with Histoplasma capsulatum. Pub Hlth Monog No 39: 48–51
Sporothrix schenkii
Agent summary: Dimorphic fungus. Pyogenic granulomatous disease. Europe and USA. Wood and plant material. Wounds. HAZARD GROUP 2
CAROUGEAU M 1909 Premier cas Africain de sporotrichose de deBeuramn: HAZARD GROUPTransmission de la sporotrichose du mulet a l’homme. Bull Mem Soc Med Hosp (Paris) 28 507-510
COOPER CR, DIXON DM, SALKIN IF 1992 Laboratory acquired sporotrichosis. J Med Vet Mycol 30: 169–171
FAVA A 1909 Un cas de sporotrichosis conjunctivale et palpébrale primitivs. Ann Occ (Paris) 141: 338–343
FIELITZ H 1910 Über eine Laboratoriumsinfektion mit dem Sporotrichum de Beurmani. Zbl Bakt Abt L Orig 55: 36–370
ISHIZAKI H, IKEDA A, KURATA Y 1979 Lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis caused by accidental infection. J Derm 6: 321–323
JEANSELME E, CHEVALIER P 1910 Chancres sporotrichosiques des doigts produit par la morsure d’un rat inocule de sporotrichose. Bull Mem Soc Med Hop (Paris) 30: 176-178
JEANSELME E, CHEVALIER P 1911 Transmission de la sporotrichose a l’homme par les morsures d’un rat blanc inocule avec une nouvelle variete de Sporotrichum. Bull Mem Soc Med Hop (Paris) 31: 287-301
JEANSELME E, HUET L, HOROWITZ E 1928 Quatre cas de gomme et ulcérations sporotrichosiques accidentelles, survenues à la suite d’intradermal. Bull Soc Derm Syph 35: 416-422
MEYER KF 1915 The relation of animal to human sporotrichosis. J Amer Med Assoc 65: 579-585
NORDEN A 1951 Sporotrichosis; clinical and laboratory features. Acta Path Scand 89: 3–19
THOMPSON DGW, KAPLAN W 1977 Laboratory–acquired sporotrichosis. Sabouraudia 15: 167–170
WILDER WH, MCCULLOUGH CP 1914 Sporotrichosis of the eye. J Amer
Med Assoc 63: 1156– 1160
Acanthamoeba and other amoebae
Agent summary: Three genera of free-living amoebae: Acanthamoeba, Hartmanella, Naegleria. World wide. Water, fresh and stored. Eye infections, meningitis. HAZARD GROUP 3 (Naegleria); 2 (others).
BIER JW, SAWYER TK 1990 Amoebae isolated from eyewash stations. Current Microbiol 20, 349.
BRANDT FH, WARE DA, VISVESVARA GS 1989 Viability of Acanthamoeba cysts in ophthalmic solutions. Appl Envir Microbiol 55: 1144-1146.
HAMBURG A, DE JONCKHEERE JF 1980 Amoebic keratitis. Ophthalmologica 181: 75-80
JOHN DT 1982 Primary amebic meningoencephalitis and the biology of Naegleria fowleri. Ann Rev Micrbiol 36: 101-123
JONES DB, VISVESVARA GS, ROBINSON NM 1975 Acanthamoeba polyphaga keratitis and Acanthamoeba uveitis associated with fatal meningoencephalitis. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 95: 221-231
KILVINGTON S, WHITE DG 1994 Acanthamoeba: biology, ecology and human disease. Rev Med Microbiol 5: 12-20.
LUND OE, STEFANI FH, DECHANT W 1987 Amoebic keratitis: a clinicopathological case report. Br J Ophthalmol 62: 373-375
MA P, VISVESVARA GS, MARTINEZ AJ 1990 Naegleria and Acanthamoeba infections: a review. Rev Infect Dis 14: 490-513
MA P, WILLAERT E, JUECHTLER KB 1981 A case of jeratitis due to Acanthamoeba in New York and features of 10 cases. J Infect Dis 143: 662-667
NAGINGTON J, WATSON PG, PLAYFAIR TJ et al. 1974 Amoebic infection of the eye. Lancet 2: 1537-1540
TYNDALL RL (987 The presence of free-living amoebae in portable and stationary eye wash stations. Am Indust Hyg Assoc J 48, 933-934.
VISVESVAR GS, STEHR-GREEN JK 1990 Epidemiology of free-living amoebae infections. J Protozool 37: 25S- 33S
Cryptosporidium
Agent summary; Free-living protozoan. World wide. Water, calves. Intestinal infections (especially in immunocompromised subjects). Infection by drinking contaminated water. HAZARD GROUP 2.
ANGUS KN 1983 Cryptosporidiosis in man, domestic animals and birds; a review. J Roy Soc Med 76: 62-70.
BLAGBURN BL, CURRENT WL 1983 Accidental infection in a laboratory worker with human cryptosporidium. J Inf Dis 148: 772–773
CASEMORE DP 1990 Epidemiological aspects of human cryptosporidiosis. Epidemiol Infect 104: 1-28.
DEPARTMENTS OF ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH (1990). Cryptosporidiosis in Water Supplies. Report of the Group of Experts. London, HMSO. 230 pp.
REIF JS, WIMMER L, SMITH JA et al. 1989 Cryptosporidiosis associated with an epizootic in calves. Am J Pub Hlth 79: 1528–1530
Fasciola
Agent summary: Trematode (liver fluke). World wide. Zoonosis (sheep, intermediate host snail spp.). Cholangitis, liver abscess. Infection from contaminated water, watercress. HAZARD GROUP 2
ASHTON CR, BERESFORD OD 1974 Fascioliasis. Bri Med J 2: 121
BERESFORD OD 1976 A case of fascioliasis in man. Vet Rec 98: 15
Hartmanella
See Acanthamoeba
Giardia lamblia
Agent summary: Flagellate protozoa. World wide. Diarrhoea, intestinal disorders. Infection by drinking contaminated water. HAZARD GROUP 2.
HEAP BJ, MCCULLOUGH MLB 1991 Giardiasis and occupational risk in sewage workers. Lancet, 338: 1152.
Isospora belli
Agent summary; Free-living protozoan. Water and animal gut. Rare intestinal parasite of humans. HAZARD GROUP 2.
MCCRACKEN AW 1972 Natural and acquired infection by Isospora belli. South Med J 65: 800
Leishmania
Agent summary: Flagellate protozoan (Trypanosomidae). Tropical and subtropical areas. Humans and dogs. (1) L. donovani: Kala Azar, visceral leishmaniasis; (2) L. tropica: Oriental sore; (local names); (3) L. braziliensis: naso-pharyngeal (American) leishmaniasis. Vector, sandflies (Phlebotomus spp.). HAZARD GROUP 3 (donovani, braziliensis); 2 (tropica).
CHUNG HL 1931 An early case of Kala Azar, possibly oral infection in the laboratory. Nat Med J China 17: 617–621
EVANS TG, PEARSON RD 1988 Clinical and immunological responses following accidental inoculation with Leishmania donovani. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 82: 854-856
FREEDMAN DO, MACLEAN JD, VILORIA JB 1987 A case of laboratory-acquired Leishman donovani infection: evidence for primary lymphatic dissemination. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 81: 118-119
HERWALDT BL, JURANEK DD 1993 Laboratory acquired malaria, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis and toxoplasmosis. Amer J Trop Med Hyg 48: 313–323
KNOBLOCH, J. & DEMAR, M. (1997), Accidental Leishmania mexicana infection in an immunsuppressed laboratory technician. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2, 1152-1155.
SAMPAIO RN [et al] 1983 A laboratory infection with Leishmania braziliensis. Trans Roy Soc Med 77: 274
TERRY LL, LEWIS JL. SESSOMS SL 1950 Laboratory infection with Leishmania donovani: a case report. Amer J Trop Med 30: 643–649
Naegleria
See Acanthamoeba
Plasmodium spp.
Agent summary: Protozoa with complex life cycles. Tropical and subtropical, areas. Humans, other mammals, birds. Some animal species transmissable to humans. P. falciparum: malignant tertian malaria; P. vivax: beningn tertian malaria; P. malariae: quartan malaria. Vectors and definitive hosts anopheline mosquitoes. HAZARD GROUP 3 (falciparum); 2 (others).
BENDING MR, MAURICE PDL 1980 Malaria: a laboratory risk. Postgrad Med J 56: 344–345
BOUREE P, FOUQUET E 1978 Paludisme: contaminationa directe interhumaine. Nouve Presse Med: 7, 1865-1866
BURNE JC 1970 Malaria by accidental inoculation. Lancet 4: 936
CANNON NJ, WALKER SP, DISMUKES WA 1972 Malaria acquired by accidental needle puncture. J Amer Med Assoc 222: 1425
CROSS JH, HSU–KUO MY, LIEN JC 1973 Accidental human infection with Plasmodium cynomolgi bastianelli. SE Asia J Trop Med Pub Hlth 4: 481–483
EYLES DE, COATNEY GR, GETZ ME 1960 Vivax type malarial parasite of macaques transmissible to man. Science 131: 1812-1813
GARNHAM PCC, MOLINARI V, SHUTE PG 1962 Differential diagnosis of bastienelli and vivax malaria. Bull WHO 27: 192–202
HAWORTH FLM, COOK GC 1995 Needlestick malaria. Lancet 346: 1361
HERWALDT BL, JURANEK DFD 1997 Protozoa and helminths. In: Laboratory Safety. Principles and Practice. (DO Fleming, JH Richardson, JI Tulis, D Vesley, ed). 2nd edn. pp. 77-92. Washington: American Society for Microbiology.
HOLM, K. (1924). Ueber eine Falle von Infection mit Malaria tropica an der Leiche. Klinische Wochenschrift 3, 1633-1634.
JENSEN JB et al. 1981 Clinical drug-resistant falciparum malaria acquired from cultured parasites. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30: 523-525
MOST H 1973 Plasmodium cynomolgi malaria: accidental human infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 22: 157–158
PETITHORY J, LEBEAU G 1977 Contamination probable de laboratorire par HAZARD GROUPPlasmodium falciparum. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 4: 371-375
SCHMIDT LH GREENLAN R, GENTHER CS 1961 The transmission of Plasmodium cynomolgi to man. Am J Trop Med Hyg 10: 670–688
STUPPY C 1936 Laboratoriumsinfektion mit Malaria tertiania. Munch Med Wschr 83: 932–933
VARMA AJ 1982 Malaria acquired by accidental inoculation. Can Med J 126: 1419–140
WILLIAMS JL, INNIS BT, BURKOT TR et al. 1983 Falciparum malaria: accidental transmission to man by mosquitoes after infection with culture-derived gametocytes. Amer J Trop Med Hyg 32: 657-659.
Pneumocystis carinii
Agent summary: Protozoan (but ? fungus). World wide. Pulmonary disease, especially of immmunocompromised subjects. Infection by inhalation. HAZARD GROUP 2.
HUGHES WT 1982 Natural mode of acquisition of infection due to Pneumocystis carinii. J Infect Dis 145: 842-848
HUGHES WT, BARTLEY DL, SMITH BM 1983 A natural source of infection due to Pneumocystic carinii. J Infect Dis 147: 595
Schistosoma spp.
Agent summary: Trematoda. Africa, M. East, S. America. Infective stage - metacercaria; skin contact with contaminated water HAZARD GROUP
. HAZARD GROUPHAZARD GROUP 2
VAN GOMPEL a, VAN DENE ENDEN E, VAN DEN ENDEDN J et al. Laboratory infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87: 554
Toxoplasma gondii
Agent summary: Protozoan. World wide, man and animals. CNS involvement in children, visceral in adults. Transmitted by oral route (faeces, food). HAZARD GROUP 2.
BEVERLEY JKS, M SKIPPER E, MARSHALL SC 1955 Laboratory acquired HAZARD GROUPtoxoplasmosis. Br Med J 1: 577
FELDMAN HA 1968 Toxoplasmosis. New Eng J Med 279: 1370-1375
FIELD PR, MOYLE GG, PARNELL PM 1972 The accidental infection of a laboratory worker with Toxplasma gondii. Med J Aust 2: 196–198
FRENCH JC, MESSINGER HB, MCCARTHY JA 1970 A study of Toxoplasma gondii infection in farm and non-farm groups in the same geographical location. Am J Epidemiol 91: 185-191.
FRENKEL JK, WEBER RW, LINDE MN 1960 Acute toxoplasmosis: effective treatmnet with pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, leucorin calcium and yeasr, J Amer Med Assoc 173: 1471-1476
HERMENTIN KA, HASSL A, PICHER O 1989 Comparison of different serotests for specific toxoplasma IGM antibodies (ISAGA, SPIHA, IFAT) and the detection of circulating antibodies in two cases of laboratory-acquired Toxoplasma gondii HAZARD GROUPinfection. Z Bakt Mikrobiol Hyg [A} 270: 534-541
HERWALDT BL, JURANEK DD 1993 Laboratory acquired malaria, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis and toxoplasmosis. Amer J Trop Med Hyg 48: 313–323
HERWALDT BL, JURANEK DFD 1997 Protozoa and helminths. In: Laboratory Safety. Principles and Practice. (DO Fleming, JH Richardson, JI Tulis, D Vesley, ed). 2nd edn. pp. 77-92. Washington: American Society for Microbiology.
KAYHOE DE, JACOBS EL, BEYE HK et al. Acquired toxoplasmosis: observations on two parasitically proved cases treated with pyrimethamine and triple sulfonamides. New Eng J Med 257: 1247-1254
LUDLAM GB, BEATTLE CP 1963 Pulmonary toxoplasmosis. Lancet 2: 344-349
MAGNUSSON JH 1951 Clinical aspects of toxoplasmosis. Nord Med 45: 344–349
NEU HC 1967 Toxoplasmosis transmitted at autopsy. J Amer Med Assoc 202: 844-845
PARKER, SOL, HOLLIMAN RE 1992 Toxoplasmosis and laboratory workers: a case-control assessment of risk. Med Lab Sci 49: 103-106.
RADOVICI R, ATANASIUM M, COSTIN C 1962 Contribution to experimental studies on the treatment of toxoplasmosis. Infection following manipulation of virulent material. J Hyg Epidem Microbiol Immunol Prague 6: 89–99
RAWAL BD 1959 Laboratory infections with toxoplasma. J Clin Pathol 12: 59–61
REMINGTON JS, GENTRY LO 1970 Acquired toxoplasmosis: infection HAZARD GROUPversus disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 174: 1006–1017
SEXTON RC, EYLES DE, DILLMAN RE 1953 Adult toxoplasmosis. Amer J Med 14: 366–377
STROM J 1950 Toxoplasmosis due to laboratory infection in two adults. Acta Med Scand 139: 244–252
TEUSCH SM, JURANEK DD, SULZER A et al. 1979 Epidemic toxoplasmosis associated with infected cats. New Eng J Med 300: 695-699
VAN SOESTBERGEN WJ 1976 Laboratory-acquired toxoplasmosis. Ned Tijd Geneesk 101: 1649
WRIGHT WH 1985 Laboratory-acquired toxoplasmosis. Amer J Clin Path 28: 1.
ZIMMERMAN WJ 1976 Prevalence of Toxoplasm gondii antibodies among veterinary college staff and students. Pub Hlth Rep 91: 526-532
Trypanosoma spp.
Agent summary: Flagellated protozoan. Tropical areas. T. bruceii gambiense, T. bruceii rhodesiense: African sleeping sickness, transmitted by tsetse fly (Glossina); reservoirs cattle. T. cruzi: American trypansomiasis, Chagas’ disease, transmitted by reduviid bugs (faeces contamination of bug bites); reservoirs various mammals. HAZARD GROUP 3 (cruzi); 2 (bruceii).
ARONSON PR 1962 Septicaemia from concomitant infection with Trypanosoma cruzei and Neisseria perflava; first case of laboratory–acquired Chagas disease in the United States. Ann Int Med 57: 994–1000
BRENER Z 1987 Laboratory–acquired Chagas disease. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg HAZARD GROUP81: 527
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL 1980 Chagas disease, Kalamazoo. Morb Mort Wkly Rep 20: 147-148
EMERIBE AO 1988 Gambiense trypanosomasis acquired from needle scratch. Lancet HAZARD GROUPi: 470–471
EYLES DE, COATNEY GR, GETZ ME 1960 Vivax type malarial parasite of macaques transmissable to man. Science 131: 1812–1813
HANSON WL, DEVLIN RF, ROBERTSON EL 1974 Immunoglobulin levels in laboratory acquired case of Chagas Disease. J Parasit 60: 532–533
HERBERT WJ, PARRATT D, VAN MEIRVENNE N, LENNOX B 1980 An accidental laboratory infection with trypanosomes of defined stock. J Infect 2: 113–124
HERR A, BRUMPT L 1939 Un cas de maladie de Chagas contractée accidellement au contact de triatomes mexicain. Bull Soc Path Exot 342: 565–571
HERWALDT BL, JURANEK DD 1993 Laboratory acquired malaria, leishmaniasis, HAZARD GROUPtrypanosomiasis and toxoplasmosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48: 313–323
HOFFLIN JM, SADLER RH, ARAUJ FG et al. 1987 Laboratory–acquired Chagas HAZARD GROUPdisease. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 81: 437–440
PIZZI T, NIEDMAN G, JARPA A 1963 Report of three cases of acute Chagas disease preceded by accidental laboratory infections. Bol Chil Parasit 18: 32–36
RECEVEUR MC, VINCENDEAU C 1983 Laboratory-acquired Gambian HAZARD GROUP HAZARD GROUPtrypanosomiasis. New Eng J Med 329: 209-210
ROBERTSON DHH, PICKENS S, LAWSON JH, LENNOX B 1980 Accidental infection with African trypanosomes of defined stock. J Infect 2: 105–112 and 113–124
WESTERN KA, SCHULTZ MG, FARRAR WE et al. 1969 Laboratory-acquired
Chagas disease treated with Bay 2502. Boll Chil Parasitol 24: 94
BANERJEE K, GUPTA NP, GOVERDHAN MK 1979 Viral infections in
laboratory HAZARD GROUPpersonnel. India J Med Res 69: 363-373
COOK EBM 1961 Safety in the Public Health Laboratory. Pub Hlth Rep 76:51-
GRIST NR 1975 Hepatitis in clinical laboratories; a three year survey. J Clin Pathol HAZARD GROUP28: 255-259
GRIST NR 1976 Hepatitis in clinical laboratories, 1973-1974. J Clin Pathol 29: 480- HAZARD GROUP483
GRIST NR 1978 Hepatitis in clinical laboratories, 1975-1976. J Clin Pathol 31: 415- HAZARD GROUP417
GRIST NR 1980 Hepatitis in clinical laboratories, 1977-1978. J Clin Pathol 33: 471- HAZARD GROUP473
GRIST NR 1981 Hepatitis and other infections in clinical laboratory staff, 1979. J HAZARD GROUPClin Pathol 34: 655-658
GRIST NR 1983 Infections in British clinical laboratories 198Infections in British HAZARD GROUPclinical laboratories 1980-1981. J Clin Pathol 36: 121-126
GRIST NR, EMSLIE JAN 1985 Infections in British clinical laboratories 1982-83. J HAZARD GROUPClin Pathol 38: 721-725
GRIST NR, EMSLIE JAN 1987 Infections in British clinical laboratories 1984-85. J HAZARD GROUPClin Pathol 40: 826-829
GRIST NR, EMSLIE JAN 1989 Infections in British clinical laboratories 1986-87. J HAZARD GROUPClin Pathol 42: 677-681
GRIST NR, EMSLIE JAN 1991 Infections in British clinical laboratories 1988-89. J HAZARD GROUPClin Pathol 44: 667-669
HANEL E, KRUSE RH 1967 Laboratory-acquired mycoses. Fort Detrick Misc Pub No 28. Ad-665376
HANSON RP, SULKIN SE, BUESCHER EL et al. 1967 Arbovirus infections of HAZARD GROUPlaboratory workers. Science 158: 1283-
HARRINGTON JM 1985 A summary of the occupational hazards of post-mortem room workers. Bull Roy Coll Pathol No 52, p.11
HARRINGTON JM, SHANNON HS 1976 Incidence of tuberculosis, hepatitis, HAZARD GROUPbrucellosis and shigellosis in British medical laboratory workers. Br Med J 1: 759- HAZARD GROUP762
HEDWALL E 1940 The incidence of tuberculosis among students at Lund University. Amer Rev Tuberc 41: 770-780
JACOBSON JT, ORLOB RB, CLAYTON JL 1985 Infections acquired in laboratories in Utah. J Clin Microbiol 21: 486-489
MILLER CD, SONGER JR, SULLIVAN JF 1987 A twenty-five year review of HAZARD GROUPlaboratory-acquired human infections at the National Animal Diseases Center. Amer Ind Hyg Assoc J 48: 272-275
NICODEMUSZ I 1975 Laboratory infections. Orv Het 116: 329-341
PHILLIPS GB 1961 Microbiological Safety in US and Foreign Labortaories. Tech Rep No 35. US Army Chemical Corps, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland.
PIKE RM 1976 Laboratory-associated infections. Summary and analysis of 3921 cases. Hlth Lab Sci 13: 105-114
PIKE RM 1979 Laboratory-associated infections: incidence, fatalties, causes and HAZARD GROUPprevention. Ann Rev Microbiol 33: 41-66
SEWELL DL 1995 infections and biosafety. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 8; 389-405
SHIMOGO H 1975 Virus infections in laboratories in Japan. Bib Haematol 40: 771-773
SULKIN SE, PIKE RM 1951 Laboratory-acquired infections. J Amer Med Assoc 147: HAZARD GROUP1740-1745
WALKER D, CAMPBELL D 1999 A survey of infections in United
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ACHA PN, SZYFRES B 1989 Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to
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Organization. HAZARD GROUP
ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON DANGEROUS PATHOGENS 1995 Categorization of biological agents on the basis of hazard and categories of containment. 3rd edn. Health and Safety Executive. Sudbury: HSE Books. ISBN 0 11 885564 6
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY 1995 Laboratory Safety: Principles and Practice. 2nd edn. Eds Fleming DO, Richardson JHm Tulis JI, Veslet D. HAZARD GROUP HAZARD GROUPWashington, ASM. ISBN 1 55581 047 0
BELL JC, PALMER SR, PAYNE JM 1988 The Zoonoses. Infections Transmitted from Animals to Man. London, Edward Arnold.
BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 1989 Infection Control. London: Edward Arnold. HAZARD GROUPISBN 0 340 49655 X
BMA (1995b). Code of Practice for the Safe Use and Disposal of Sharps. 2nd edn. HAZARD GROUPLondon, British Medical Association.
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL\NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH 1993 HAZARD GROUPBiosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories. 3rd edn. Washington: HAZARD GROUPGovernment Printing Office. HHS (CDC) 93-8395
COLLINS CH, KENNEDY DA 1999 Laboratory Acquired Infections 4th edn. Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0 7506 4023 5
COLLINS CH, BEALE AJ (Eds) 1992 Safety in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann.
COLLINS CH, GRANGE JM 1990 The Microbiological Hazards of Occupations. Leeds: Science Reviews. ISBN 0 905927 23 0
COLLINS CH, AW T-C, GRANGE JM 1996 Microbial Diseases of Occupations, Sports and Recreations. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0 7506 2183 4
COLLINS CH, KENNEDY DA (Eds) 1997 Occupational Blood-borne Infections Risk and Management. Wallington: CAB International. ISBN 0 85198 629 9
EUROPEAN COMMISSION 1990 Council Directive on the Protection of Workers from Risks Related to Exposure to Biological Agents at Work. 90/677/EEC. Brussels.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION 1992 Council Directive on Pregnant Workers. 92/85/EEC. Brussels.
HEALTH CANADA 1996 Laboratory Safety Guidelines. Ottawa: Laboratory Cebtre for Disease Control.
HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE 1986 A Guide to the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1985. HS®23. Sudbury: HSE Books. ISBN 0 7176 0432 2
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HEALTH SERVICES ADVISORY COMMITTEE 1991 Safe working and the prevention of infection infection in the mortuary and post-mortem room. Health and Safety HAZARD GROUPCommission. Sudbury: HSE Books. ISBN 0 11 885448 8
LIEBERMAN DF, GORDON JG (Eds) 1989 Biohazards Management Handbook. New York: Dekker. ISBN 0 8247 7897 9
ROYAL INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND HYGIENE 1995 Handbook of Mortuary Practice and Safety. London.
SIMONS J, SOTTY P 1991 Risques Biologiques. Paris: INRA, INSERM, Institut Pasteur
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WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 1993 Laboratory Biosafety Manual. 2nd edn. HAZARD GROUPGeneva: WHO. ISBN92 4 154450 3
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Infectious Substances and Diagnostic Specimens. Geneva: WHO
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